Glass 
Book 



THE NORTH AND THE SOUTH: 



BEING A 



STATISTICAL VIEW 



OF THE CONDITION OF THE 



FREE AND SLAYE STATES. 



BY 

HENRY CHASE and C. H. SANBORN. 



domptleU from ©fEUtal ©oninmtte. 



BOSTON: 
PUBLISHED BY JOHN P. JEWETT AND COMPANY. 

CLEVELAND, OHIO : 

HENRY p. B. JEWETT, 
1857 



Entei-ed according to Act of Congress, in the year 1856, by 
JOHN P. JEWETT AND COMPANY, 
In the Clerk's Oifice of the District Court of the Disti-ict of Massachusetts 




LITHOTYPED BY THE AMERICAN STEREOTYPE COMPANY, 
28 Phoenix Building, Boston. 



PRINTED BY D. S. FORD AND CO. 



PREFACE, 



It is the object of this work to compare the condition of the 
slaveholding and non-slaveholding States — the North and the 
South — as to territory, population, industry and wealth, educa- 
tion and intelligence, religion and moral advancement, and 
general progress. The authorities used are the official docu- 
ments of the General Government and of the individual States. 
The calculations are, for the most part, for the year 1850, and 
based on the census returns for that year, as compiled by J. D. 
B. De Bow, and published in his Compendium of the Seventh 
Census. 

This work, prepared with much labor, is the only one of the 
kind within our knowledge. We think there is public neces- 
sity for it, and submit it without further remark. 

Concord, Mass., September, 1856. 

(Ill) 



CONTENTS. 



PAGB 

Introductory, 5 

Territory, 7 

PoPULAtlON, . . . 11 

Eepresextation, 24 

Agriculture, . 29 

MA2fUFACTURES, 59 

Commerce, 70 

Value of Real and Personal Estate, 80 

Education, 89 

The Press, . . . ....... 105 

Post-Office Statistics, 115 

Churches, and Contrlbutions for Benevolent Objects, . 119 

Massachusetts, South Carolina, etc., ... . . 123 

Laws of Kansas, . . . 144 

Appendix, 151 

(iv) 



INTRODUCTORY. 



The slaveholding States, fifteen iii number, including the semi- 
slave States of Delaware and Maryland, have an area of eight hun- 
di-ed and fifty-one thousand, four hundred and forty-eight square 
miles. In latitude, they extend from 25° to 40° north, and, in lon- 
gitude, from 75° to 107° west. This vast empire of nearly a thousand 
miles square has a sea and gulf coast of seven thousand miles in 
extent, and is drained by more than fifty navigable rivers. Through 
its centre flows the longest river of the globe, with its thousands of 
miles of navigable waters. 

The free States, sixteen in number, have an area of six hundred 
and twelve thousand five hundred and ninety-seven square miles. 
Exclusive of California, they extend, in latitude, from 37° to 47° 
north, and, in longitude, fr'om 67° to 97° west. With California, 
they constitute a territory of nearly eight hundred miles square, with 
two thousand miles of Atlantic seacoast. A dozen navigable rivers 
flow from this territory to the Atlantic, two of them finding a passage 
to the sea through the far-extending bays of the slave States. By 
the great lakes and then* outlets, its northern products find their nat- 
m-al channel to the ocean — ice-bound for several months in the jear 
— through the territory of a foreign power ; while, borne on the Mis- 
sissippi for more than a thousand miles through the domain of slavery, 
its western products seek a passage to the ocean by the Gulf of 
Mexico. While the rivers of the slave States, are never closed to 
navigation by the rigors of cHmate, those of the free States are 
closed by ice dm'ing the winter months of each year. 

In climate, the slave States excel, and in soil equal, the free. 
Certain productions, moreover, of great importance are mostly con- 
fined, by the laws of temperatm-e, to the slave States. Among these 
are cotton, cane-sugar, rice, and tobacco. 

Thus, for agricultm-e, the slave States have a fertile soil, a cKmate 
1* . (V) 



vi 



INTRODUCTORY. 



adapted to the productions of tropical and temperate latitudes ; for 
manufactures, an exhaustless motive power distributed throughout 
its whole extent, with the raw materials of cotton, wool, iron, lumber^ 
etc., abundant and readily accessible, while coal, salt, and other 
precious metals are found in several of these States ; for internal 
commerce, numerous rivers draining the whole territory ; for external 
commerce, thousands of miles of sea and gulf coast with excellent 
harbors. 

The rigorous climate of all, and the sterile soil of some of the 
free States, render them less fitted for agriculture than the slave 
States, while the transportation of the raw material affects the success 
of manufactures. For the purposes of commerce, the North has a 
moderate extent of seacoast and several good harbors, whose remote- 
ness, however, from the producing and consuming regions affect 
dis advantageously the interests of trade. The great lakes, when not 
closed by ice, furnish good facilities for internal commerce. 

In the origin of their population and the date of their settlement, 
the North and the South are pretty nearly alike. 

Geographically, it will be seen that the old and new fi-ee States 
are nearly separated by the projection of Canada and northern Vir- 
ginia, while the Pacific State of California is separated fi-om the other 
fr-ee States by two thousand miles of unsettled country. The slave 
States, old and new, on the other hand. He in a compact body. Ke- 
sulting from these different geographical positions were the facts that 
the emigration fi-om the older free States must seek, by extended 
and circuitous routes, a passage to the new while the emigration 
fr'om the slave States had only to cross a border fine, of a thousand 
miles in extent, to find itself at once on its new territory. 



THE NORTH AND THE SOUTH. 



CHAPTEE I 



TERKITORT. 



As the basis for future comparisons, in this work, the follow- 
ing table is introduced, showing the area of the several States, 
together with that of the two great sections, the North and the 
South: 

TABLE I. 

Slioioing the Area of the Slave and the Free States. 



SLATE STATES, 



Area in 
Sq. Miles. 



EREE STATES. 



Area in 
Sq. Miles. 



Alabama 

Arkansas 

Delaware 

riorida 

Georgia 

Kentucky 

Louisiana 

Maryland 

Mississippi .... 

Missouri 

North Carolina 
South Carolina 

Tennessee 

Texas 

Virginia 



50,722 
52,198 
2,120 
59,268 
58,000 
37,680 
41,255 
11,124 
47,156 
67,380 
50,704 
29,385 
45,600 
237,504 
61,352 



California 

Connecticut 

Illinois 

Indiana 

Iowa 

INIaine 

Massachusetts . . 

INIichigan 

New Hampshire 

New York 

New Jersey .... 

Ohio 

Pennsylvania . . 
Khode Island . . 

Vermont 

Wisconsin 



155,980 

4,674 
55,405 
33,809 
50,914 
31,766 

7,800 
56,243 

9,280 
47,000 

8,320 
39,964 
46,000 

1,306 
10,212 
53,924 



Total 851,448 | Total 



612,597 



8 



THE NORTH AND THE SOUTH. 



It will be seen by the above table that tlie area of the fifteen 
slavebolding States is 851,448 square miles; and that of the 
sixteen non-slaveholding States 612,597 square miles ; a differ- 
ence of more than 238,000 square miles in favor of the Slave 
States.* Let it be remembered, therefore, that the area of the 
Free States is considerably less than three-fourths that of the 
Slave States. 

By the purchase of Louisiana, in 1803, and of Florida, in 
1819, were added to the national domain 966,479 square miles ; 
an area greater than the entire area of the United States at 
the time of gaining their independence. f By the annexation 
of Texas, in 1846, were added 318,000 miles more, and by a 
treaty with Mexico at the close of the war, 522,955 square 
miles ; making an aggregate of 1,807,434 square miles. This, 
of course, is exclusive of the 308,052 square miles to' which 
our title was " confirmed" by treaty with Great Britain in 1846. 

The expense of these purchases and conquests cannot be 
exactly determined. The territory of Louisiana, purchased of 
France, cost $15,000,000 ; that of Florida, purchased of Spain, 
$5,000,000 ; amount paid Texas, about $27,000,000 ; expenses 
of Mexican war, $217,175,575 ; paid for New Mexico, by 
treaty, $15,000,000. Making an aggi'egat^ of more than 
$270,000,000, which, together with interest on the same, the 
expense of the Florida war, about $100,000,000, and nearly 
the same amount paid for the extinguishment of Lidian titles, 
etc., etc., make a sum, little if any short of $1,000,000,000. 

The manner in which this territory has been apportioned to 
the two sections is given by Mr. Clay, in his speech in the 
Senate in 1850. (See Appendix to Co?igress. Glohe, vol. 22, 
part 1, page 126.) 

=^The estimates here made are according to the Compendium of the 
United States Census. In the Quarto Edition the area of Texas is given 
as 325,520 square miles ; which would make the area of the Slave States 
nearly 100,000 square miles more than here given. 

t See Compendium United States Census, p. 32. 



A STATISTICAL VIEW. 



9 



He says : " Wliat have been the territorial acquisitions made 
by this country, and to what interests have they conduced? 
Florida, where slavery exists, has been introduced. AU the 
most valuable parts of Louisiana have also added to the extent 
and consideration of the slaveholding portion of the Union.'' 
. . . . " All Louisiana, with the exception of what lies north of 36^ 
30';" .... "all Texas, all the territories which have been ac- 
quired by the Government of the United States during sixty years 
of the operation of that Government, have been slave territories 
— theatres of slavery — with the exception I have mentioned 
lying north of the Hue of 36° 30 ^" 

California has since been admitted a Free State. The other 
States, formed from territory thus obtamed, and admitted mto 
the Union, are Louisiana, Missouri, Arkansas, Florida, and 
Texas — five Slave States. 

The area of California is 155,980 square miles ; that of the 
five Slave States named, 457,605 ; being 302,625 square miles 
more, and very nearly in the ratio of three to one. Indeed, 
the area of these five purchased Slave States is greater than 
that of all the Free States, if we except California. It will be 
seen by tables VII and VIII, that the number of Eepresentatives 
in Congress from California is two, which, together with two 
Senators, entitle that State to four electoral votes. The number 
of Representatives from the five Slave States is sixteen, which, 
together with ten Senators, make twenty-six electoral votes, 
being in the ratio of six and one-third to one, and a majority of 
twenty-two. 

There is (of territory inhabited and uninhabited) north of 
the old Missouri Compromise line an area of 1,970,077 square 
miles, and 966,089 south of it. 

It will be notice(3, in passing, that the area of Virginia is not 
quite four thousand miles less than that of all New England, 
and is larger than that entire section if we except Connecticut. 
It is also larger than the four States of New York, Massachu- 
setts, Connecticut, and Rhode Island. Maryland contains over 



10 



THE NOKTH AND THE SOUTH. 



three thousand square miles more than Massachusetts, and is 
considerably larger than either New Hampshire or Vermont ; 
Pennsylvania and New York are each smaller than either 
North Carolina, IMississippi, Georgia, Arkansas, or Alabama ; 
while Ohio and Indiana are still smaller. Ohio has but two 
thousand two hundred and eighty-four square miles more than 
Kentucky, to which it is very similar in surface, soil, and pro- 
ductions. South Carolina is almost four times as large as 
Massachusetts, and three-fourths as large as Ohio. 



CHAPTEE II. 

POPULATION. 

The following tables give the aggregate population of the 
several states in 1790, 1820, and 1850. (For a table showing 
the population at each decennial census, see Appendix.) In 
connection with this are also here given, the area, the number 
of inhabitants to a square mile in 1850, and the population at 
the present time, the last being taken from a late communication 
to Congress by the Secretary of the Treasury : 

TABLE II. 

Statment of the Area, and Aggregate Population in 1790, 1820, 1850, and 
185Q,witJi the Number of Inhabitants to a Square mile, in 1850, of the 
several Slave States, 



SLAVE STATES. 


Area in 
Sq.lVIiles. 


Population 
in 1790. 


Population 
in 1820. 


Population Density 
in 1850. 1 in 1850. 


Population 
in 1856 




50,722 




127,901 


771,623 


15.21 


835,192 




52,198 




14,273 


209,897 


4.02 


253,117 




2,120 


59,096 


72,749 


91,532 


43.18 


97,295 




59,268 






87,445 


1.48 


110,725 




58,000 


82,548 


340,987 


906,185 


15.62 


935,090 




37,680 


73,077 


564,317 


982,405 


26.07 


1,086,587 




41,255 


319,728 


153,407 


517,762 


12.55 


600,387 




11,124 




407,350 


583,034 


52.41 


639,580 




47,156 




75,448 


606,326 


12.86 


671,649 




67,380 




66,586 


682,044 


10.12 


831,215 


North Carolina 


50,704 


393,751 


638,829 


869,039 


17.14 


921,8,52 


South Carolina 


29,385 


249,073 


502,741 


668,507 


22.75 


705,661 




45,600 


35,791 


422,813 


1,002,717 


21.99 


1,092,470 




237,504 






212,592 


0.89 


500,000 




61,352 


748,308 


1,065,379 


1,421,661 


23.17 


1,512,593 


Total 


851,448 


1,961,372 4,452,780 


9,612,769 


11.28|lO,793,413 



(11) 



12 



THE NOETH AND THE SOUTH. 



TABLE III. 

Statement of the Area, and Aggregate Population in 1790, 1820, 1850, and 
1856, with the Number of Inhabitants to a Square Mile, in 1850, of the 
several Free States. 



FREE STATES. 


Area in 


Population 


Population 


Population 


Density 


Population 


Sq.Miles. 


in 1790. 


in 1820. 


in 1850. 


in 1850. 


in 1856, 


California .... 


155,980 






92,597 


.59 


335,000 


Connecticut . , . 


4,674 


238,141 


275,202 


370,792 


79.33 


401,292 


Illinois 


55 405 




55 211 


*851 470 


15.37 


1 242,917 




33,809 




147^178 


988^416 


29.24 


1^149^606 




0\J,v 






192 214 


3.78 


^9f> 014. 




31,766 


96,540 


298,335 


583^169 


18.36 


623,862 


Massachusetts . 


7,800 


378,717 


523,287 


994,514 


127.50 


1,133,123 




56,243 




8,896 


397,654 


7.07 


509,374 


New Hampshire 


9,280 


141,899 


244,161 


317,976 


34.26 


324,701 


New York 


47,000 


340,120 


1,372,812 


3,097,394 


65.90 


3,470,059 


New Jersey . . . 


8,320 


184,139 


277,575 


489,555 


58.84 


569,499 


Ohio 


39,964 




581,434 


1,980,329 


49.55 


2,215,750 


Pennsylvania . 


46,000 


434,373 


1,049,458 


2,311,786 


50.26 


2,542,960 


Ehode Island . 


1,306 


69,110 


83,059 


147,545 


112.97 


166,927 




10,212 


85,416 


235,764 


314,120 


30.76 


325,206 


Wisconsin 


53,924 






305,391 


5.66 


552,109 


Total 


612,597 


1,968,455 


5,152,372 


13,434,922 


21.93 


15,887,399 



From these tables it will be seen that, in 1790, the popula- 
tion in the present non-slaveholding States was 1,968,455 ; and 
in the present slaveholding States, 1,961,372 ; showing a differ- 
ence of 7,083 in favor of the non-slaveholding States. This 
difference, at first so slight, only 7,000, we find constantly- 
increasing, until in 1820 (thirty years from that time) it be- 
comes 699,592 ; the population of the slaveholding States 
being at that time 4,452,780, and that of the non-slaveholding 
States 5,152,372. In thirty years more (1850), the popu- 
lation of the fifteen Slave States is 9,612,769, and of the sixteen 
Free States 13,434,922 ; a difference of 3,822,153 in favor of 
the Free States. Thus, from having a majority of less than 
four-tenths of one per cent in 1790, the Free States had in 



A STATISTICAL VIEW. 



13 



1850 a majority of more than thirty-nine per cent. And this, 
notwithstanding 87,000 inhabitants were added to the Slave 
States by the annexation of Louisiana and Florida, and a large 
population by the annexation of Texas. 

The average number of inhabitants to a square mile, in the 
Slave States, is 11.28, and in the Free States 21.93 ; almost 
exactly two to one. 

On examining this table a little in detail, we notice the fol- 
lowing, among many other interesting facts : 

The area of Virginia is 61,352 miles ; that of New York is 
47,000, or over 14,000 square miles less than that of Virginia. 
The population of Virgmia, in 1790, was 748,308, and in 1850 
it was 1,421,661. It had not doubled in sixty years. The 
population of New York in 1790 was 340,120, in 1850 it was 
3,097,394 ; thus. New York had multiphed her population more 
than nine times in the same period. Kentucky has an area of 
37,680 square miles, and Ohio 39,964, a little over two thousand 
miles greater. Kentucky had in 1850 a population of 982,405, 
and Ohio 1,980,329, or nearly a million more than Kentucky. 
Kentucky was admitted into the Union in 1792, and Ohio in 
1802. The area of Mississippi is 47,156 square miles, that 
of Pennsylvania, 46,000. The population of Mississippi was, 
in 1850 (in round numbers), 606,000, that of Pennsylvania, 
2,300,000. The number of inhabitants to a square mile in 
North Carolina was, in 1850, a little over seventeen, and in 
New Hampshire thirty-four ; in Tennessee twenty-one, and in 
Ohio forty-nine ; in South Carohna twenty-two, and in Massa- 
chusetts one hundred and twenty-seven. 

These comparisons are based upon the population as it was 
in 1850. The tables likewise show the present population, as 
given in a recent communication to Congress, by the Secretary 
of the Treasury. By this it will be seen that the ratio of in- 
crease still continues ; there being now a majority of 5,093,986 
or over forty-seven per cent, in favor of the Free States 
2 



14 



THE NORTH AND THE SOUTH. 



According to the same ratio, in less than three years more 
than two-thii'cls of the entire population of the Union will be 
found in the Free States. 

The entire white population of the two sections, at each 
decennial census, from 1790 to 1850, is as follows (for a 
statement of white population at each census, see Appendix) : 



Slaveholding States. JSTon-slaveholding States. 



In 1790 


1,271,488 


Li 1790 


1,900,976 


1800 


1,692,914 


1800 


2,601,509 


1810 


2,192,706 


1810 


3,653,219 


1820 


2,808,946 


1820 


5,030,377 


1830 


3,633,195 


1830 


6,871,302 


1840 


4,601,873 


1840 


9,557,065 


1850 


6,184,477 


1850 


13,238,670 



The difference of increase here may perhaps seem more 
remarkable than in the aggregate population. The white popu- 
lation of the present Slave States was, in 1790, 1,271,448, 
and of the present non-slaveholding States, at the same time, 
1,900,976, a difference of 629,488 ; not quite fifty per cent, in 
favor of the non-slaveholding states. In 1850 that difference 
liad become 7,054,193, or over one hundred and fom'teen per 
cent. In other words, the white popula^tion in the Free States 
had become 869,716 more than double that in the Slave States. 
The population of the latter being 6,184,477, and that of the 
former 13,238,670. 

How far this difference, both of population and its increase, 
in the two sections, is due to foreign immigration, may be seen 
from the following statement ( Census Compendium, p. 45) : 
"There are now 726,450 persons living in slaveholding States, 
who are natives of non-slaveholding States, and 232,112 per- 
sons living in non-slaveholding States, who are natives of slave- 
holding States. There are 1,866,397 persons of foreign birth in 



A STATISTICAL VIEW. 



15 



the non-slaTeliolding States, and 378,205 in the slaTeholding." 
There ai-e then 494,838 more natives of non-slaveholding 
States in slaveholding States, than there are of slaveholding 
in the non-slaveholding States ; while there ai'e 1,488,192 more 
persons of foreign buth in the non-slaveholding than in the 
slaveholding States ; which gives less than a miUion more per- 
sons residing in non-slaveholdhig States, who were not born 
there, than in the slaveholding States, nearly all of whom are 
white inhabitants. The difference is neai'lv 4,000,000 m the 
aggregate, and more than 7,000,000 in the white population, 
and is not therefore due to this cause. 

The following tables show the white population of the 
several States m 1790, 1820, and 1850: 



TABLE lY. 

White Population of the Slave States in 1790, 1820, and 1850. 



SLAVE STATES. 


1790. 


1820. 


1850. 






85,451 


426,514 






12,579 


162,189 




46,310 


55,282 


71,169 








47,203 




52,886 


189,566 


521,572 


Kentuckv 


61,133 


434,644 


761,413 






73,383 


255,491 




208,649 


260,223 


417,943 






42,176 


295,718 






55,988 


592,004 




288,204 


419,200 


553,028 




140,178 


237,440 


274,563 




32,013 


339,927 


756,836 


Texas 




154,034 




442,115 


603,087 


894,800 




1,271,488 


2,808,946 


6,184,477 



16 



THE NORTH AND THE SOUTH. 



TABLE V 



White Population of the Free States in 1790, 1820, and 1850. 



FREE STATES. 


1790 


1820 


1850 








91,635 




232,581 


267,161 


363,099 






53,788 


846,034 






145,758 


977,154 








191,881 




96,002 


297,340 


581,813 




373,254 


516,419 


985,450 






8,591 


395,071 


New Hampshire 


141,111 


243,236 


317,456 




169,954 


257,409 


465,509 




314,142 


1,332,744 


3,048,325 


Ohio 




576,572 


1,955,050 




424,099 


1,017,094 


2,258,160 




64,689 


79,413 


143,875 




85,144 


234,846 


313,402 








304,756 


Total 


1,900,976 


5,030,377 


13,238,670 



The whole number of slaveholders' iii the Slave States, in 
1850, was 346,048 ; and of this number 173,204 hold less than 
five slaves each, leaving 172,844 who are holders of more than 
four slaves ; and, if we deduct the numbers holding less than 
ten slaves each, there will remain 92,215. The whole number 
of slaveholders, then, is less than 350,000, including females 
and minors. The number of voters in this class is therefore 
much smaller. But, counting them all as voters, they are less 
than the number of freemen who voted at the last Presidential 
election in New England, even without including Vermont. 
They are less than the number who voted in either Pennsyl- 
vania or Ohio, and less than two-thirds the number who voted 
in New York. 

The annexed table shows the free colored population of the 
United States. It will be seen that the number of free colored 
inhabitants in the Free States is 196,016, and in the Slave States 
2* 



A STATISTICAL VIEW. 



17 



228,128, mingled with a white population of less than half that 
of the Free States. This, of course, does not include the Dis- 
trict of Columbia, in which there are over 10,000 free colored 
persons ; while the number in the Free States includes those in 
New Jersey, in which there are over 23,000, of whom 20,000 
were born in the State. Indeed, if we examine the table 
giving the nativities of the free colored persons, we shall see 
that the number who still reside in the States where they were 
born is 354,470, out of the whole number, 454,495, which is 
over eighty-one per cent. 

On page 81 of the Census Coinpendium, in connection with 
a table showing the occupation of the free colored males over 
fifteen years of age, it is stated that in New York city there is 
one in fifty-five engaged in pursuits requiring education ; while 
in New Orleans one m eleven is engaged in similar pur- 
suits. In Connecticut, one in a hundred is thus employed, and 
in Louisiana one in twelve. 

These are the only cities and States compared in this way in 
the Census. It may be a fact a little surprising to some, that, 
while the ratio of the free colored inhabitants engaged in pur- 
suits requiring education in Louisiana is one-twelfth of the 
whole, the ratio of the entire white male population engaged in 
the pursuits in the same State is less than one-eighteenth of 
the whole. 

The mcrease in the present slaveholding States, from 1840 
to 1850, is 10.49 per cent., and in the non-slaveholding States 
14.98 per cent. ; being four and a half per cent, greater in the 
Free than in the Slave States. The proportion of free colored 
persons to the total population, in some of the States, is quite 
considerable; being greatest in Maryland and Delaware, — 
in the former twelve, and in the latter nineteen per cent. 

Had we not the example of De Bow's Compendium, we 
might be uncertain how to regard the slaves, whether as men, 



18 



THE NORTH AND THE SOUTH. 



TABLE VI. 

Free Colored Population of the United States in the years 1790, 1820, 1850 



Slate States. 

Alabama 

Arkansas 

Delaware 

Florida 

Georgia 

Kentucky 

Louisiana .... 

Maryland 

Mississippi 

Missouri 

North Carolina 
South Carolina 
Tennessee .... 

Texas 

Virginia 

Total 



1790 



3,899 

398 
114 

8,043 



4,975 
1,801 
361 



12,7 



32,3^ 



1820 



571 
59 
12,958 

2,759 
10,476 
39,730 
458 
347 
14,612 
•6,826 
21727 



1850 



Tree States. 



2,265 
608 
18,073 1 
932 
2,931 
10,011 
17,462 
74,723 I 
930 I 
2,618 
27,463 
8.960 
6,422 
397 
54,333 



California 

Connecticut. . . . 

Illinois 

Indiana 

Iowa 

Maine 

Massachusetts . . 

Michigan 

New Hampshire 
New Jersey . . . . 

New York 

Ohio 

Pennsylvania . . 
Rhode Island. . . 

Vermont 

Wisconsin 



2,801 



538 
5,463 

630 
2.762 
4,654 

6.537 
3.469 
255 



1820 1850 



7.844 
'457 
1,230 

929 
6,740 
174 
786 
12.460 
29,279 
4,723 
30.202 
3.554 
903 



to be enumerated as so many inhabitants, or as so much prop- 
erty, estimated ^t so much per head ; or, taking a middle course, 
to consider them three-fifths intelligent man, and two-fifths un- 
intelhgent property ; thus realizing what was anciently but a 
fabulous monster, the Centaur, having the head of a man and 
the body of a horse. These tliree plans are all adopted in the 
Census Compendium. The number of slaves in the present 
slaveholding States was as follows : 

In 1790 657,527 

" 1800 853,851 

" 1810 1,158,459 

" 1820 1,512,553 

" 1830 ... . 2,001,610 

« 1840 2,481,632 

" 1850 . . . ... 3,200,304 

From this it will be seen that there has been a constant in- 
crease, until there were, in 1850, over tliree millions ; being 
almost one-third of the entire population of the Slave States, — 
more than double the population of either Norway or Den- 



A STATISTICAL VIEW. 



19 



mark, — greater than that of Netherlands, Switzerland, Scot- 
land, or Sweden, — and not quite tln-ee hundred thousand less 
than that of Portugal. 

Some very interesting facts may be gathered from the census 
tables with regard to this class. If we examine, for instance, 
the table with regard to the " Increase and Decrease per cent, 
of the Slave Population of the several States at each census " 
(see Appendix ), we shall see, what is indeed remarked in the 
Census Compendium, that "the mcrease of slaves in the southern 
Atlantic States has only averaged about two per cent per 
annum in fifty years, though averaging eighteen per cent per 
ammm m the- Gulf States, etc., for the last twenty years." 
Thus, in South Carolma this increase diminished from thii'ty- 
six per cent in 1790 to seventeen per cent in 1850 ; and, 
indeed, in 1840 it was but three per cent. In North Carolina 
it is about the same. In Maryland, from an increase it has 
become a decrease, and that, too, at a rapid rate. Li Virgmia 
the ratio of increase has diminished from seventeen to five per 
cent, and gAerally the ratio of increase has been of late less 
than that of the white population. In the Gulf States, on the 
other hand, the increase has in many instances been immense, 
and much more rapid than that of the white population. The 
cause of this is given by those who have the best opportunity 
to know the facts, as follows : 

Hon. Henry Clay of Kentucky, in a speech, in 1829, before 
the Colonization Society, says : " It is believed that nowhere 
in the farming portion of the United States would slave labor 
be generally employed, if the proprietors were not tempted to 
raise slaves by the high price of the southern markets, which 
keeps it up in his own." 

Professor Dew, once President of "Wilham and Mary College 
in Virginia, in his review of the debates in the Virginia Legis- 
lature in 1831-2, says: "From all the information we can 
obtam, we have no hesitation in saying that upwards of six 



20 



THE NORTH AND THE SOUTH. 



thousand [slaves] are yearly exported [from Virginia] to 
other States." Again: "A full equivalent being thus left in 
the place of the slave, this emigration becomes an advantage 
to the State, and does not check the black population as much 
as, at first view, we might imagine ; because it furnishes every 
inducement to the master to attend to the negroes, to encourage 
breeding, and to cause the greatest number possible to be 
raised. * * Virginia is, in fact, a negro-raising State for 
other States." 

The extent of this domestic slave trade is not given in De 
Bow's census tables, but we may, by an easy computation 
from the tables, arrive at something near the truth, so far as 
they are reliable in such matters. 

On page 87 of the Compendium, we find the decennial in- 
crease of Slaves in the United States to be as follows : between 
1790 and 1800, 27.9 ; between 1800 and 1810, 33.4; between 
1810 and 1820, 29.1 ; between 1820 and 1830, 30.6 ; between 
1830 and 1840, 23.8. The average of these ratios is 28.96. 
In 1840, the slave-exporting States, Delaware, IMliryland, Vir- 
ginia, North and South Carolina, Kentucky, and Tennessee, 
contained 1,479,601 slaves. Had they increased in the ratio 
of 28.96 per cent., the number in 1850 would have been 
1,908,093. The actual number given is 1,689,158, being a 
difierence of 218,935, or 21,893 for each year, to be accounted 
for. Applying the same rule to the slave-importing states, we 
have the following result : Georgia, Florida, Alabama, Louisi- 
ana, Mississippi, Arkansas, and Missouri contained in 1840 
1,002,031 slaves. Increasing in the ratio of 28.9 6 per cent, their 
number in 1850 would have been 1,292,219. The number 
given in the census is 1,453,035 ; a difference the other way of 
160,816, or 16,081 per year, which they had received by im- 
portation. 

The difference of nearly 6,000 between the import and 
export may be accounted for by the following : A writer in 



A STATISTICAL VIEW. 



21 



the New Orleans Argus, in 1830, says : " The loss by death in 
bringing slaves from a northern climate, which our planters are 
imder the necessity of doing, is not less than twenty-five per 
cent." And the planters in those States, when advertising for 
sale a plantation and a lot of negroes, always mention dis- 
tinctly the fact that they are " acchmated " (if that be the case), 
as enhancing their value. 

The number which the figures would seem to mdicate as sold 
from the North to the South is no doubt very low ; it certainly 
is so, if we take the estimate of Southern men. The Virginia 
Times, in 1836, estimates the number of slaves exported for 
sale during a single year at forty thousand. 

In 1837, a committee was appointed, by the citizens of 
Mobile, to investigate the causes of the existing pecuniary 
pressure. In their report they say : " So large has been the 
return of slave labor, that purchases by Alabama of that spe- 
cies of property from other States, since 1833, have amounted 
to ten milHons of dollars annually." 

Eev. Dr. Graham, of Fayetteville, North Carolina, said in 
1837: "There were nearly seven thousand slaves ofiered in 
New Orleans market last winter. From Virginia alone, six 
thousand were annually sent to the South ; and from Virginia 
and North Carolina there had gone to the South, in the last 
twenty years, three hundred thousand slaves." 

IVIr. Gholson, of Virginia, m a speech m the Legislature of 
that State, January 18, 1831, says: "It has always (perhaps 
erroneously) been considered, by steady and old-fashioned 
people, that the owner of land had a reasonable right to its 
anQual profits ; the owner of orchards to thek annual fruits ; 
the owners of brood mares to their product ; and the owners 
of female slaves to their increase. We have not the fine- 
spun intelligence nor legal acumen to discover the technical 
distinctions drawn by some gentlemen. The legal maxim 
of partus sequitur ventrem is coeval with the existence 
of the right of property itself, and is founded in wisdom and 



22 



THE NOETH AND THE SOUTH. 



justice. It is on the justice and inviolability of this maxim 
that the master forgoes the service of the female slave, has her 
nursed and attended during the period of her^ gestation, and 
raises the helpless infant offspring. The value of the property 
justifies the expense, and I do not hesitate to say that in its 
increase consists much of om' wealth." 

The following, copied from a recent number of the Richmond 
Dispatch, will show the present condition of the trade : 

"High Peice for Slaves. — There has been a greater 
demand for slaves in this city, during the months of May, June 
and July, than ever known before, and they have commanded 
better prices during that time. The latter is an unusual thing, 
as the summer months are generally the dullest in the year for 
that description of property. Prime field hands (women) will 
now bring from $1,000 to $1,100, and men from $1,250 to 
$1,500. Not long since, a likely negro girl sold in this city, at 
private sale, for $1,700. A large number of negroes are 
bought on speculation, and probably there is not less than 
$1,000,000 in town, now, seeking investure in such property." 

From the above, and similar sources of information, we may 
safely estimate the number of slaves annually sold from the 
Northern Slave States to the Southern at 25,000. An interesting 
feature of this traffic will appear on examination of the Census 
Table, showing the "ratio of ages of the slaves in 1850." * 

In the States of Maryland, Yii'ginia, North Carolina, and 
South Carolina, the average number of slaves between twenty 
and thirty years of age is 16.72 per cent. In the States of 
Georgia, Alabama, IMississippi, and Florida, Arkansas, Louisi- 
ana, and Texas, the number between the same ages is 19.29 
per cent. In like manner, in the four first-mentioned States the 
average number between thirty and forty years of age is 10.27 
per cent, and in the seven last mentioned it is 11.94 per cent. 

* See Census Cornpencl, pp. 89-90. 



A STATISTICAL VIEW- 



23 



On tlie other hand, the number between sixty and seventy- 
years of age is, in the four exporting States, 2.76 per cent, 
and in the seven importing States, 1.94 per cent; also, between 
seventy and eighty years old, the number is, in the first four 
1.16, and in the others but .55 per cent. Showing that in the 
slave-importing States the number of slaves between twenty 
and forty years of age is at least fifteen per cent greater than 
in the exporting ; while, on the other hand, in the slave-ex- 
porting States, the number of slaves between sixty and eighty 
years of age is more than fifty per cent greater than in the 
importing. This is the more remarkable, since exactly the 
reverse is true of the free colored population in those same 
States, as will be seen by a similar analysis of the table on 
page 75 of the Compendium. 

Another fact with regard to the slave population of the 
South, and one which must soon become of great interest, is 
the increasing ratio of the slave to the free population. By a 
table on the 85th page of the Compendium^ it will be seen 
that, in the words of the Census Report, " while the proportion 
has been increasing for the slaves in the Southern States gen- 
erally, it has decreased in Virginia, Maryland, the District 
of Columbia, and Missouri." Indeed, it has increased in most, 
until it has become in Arkansas (omitting fractions), 22 per 
cent ; in Alabama and Florida 44 per cent ; in Louisiana 47 
per cent; in Mississippi 51 per cent; and in South Carolina 
57 per cent of the whole population ; whereas it was, in 1800, 
in Mississippi but 39 per cent, and in South Carolina but 42 
per cent ; and a similar increase of the ratio of the slave to 
the entire population will be found in all the Southern Slave 
States. 

* See Appendix, 




CHAPTEE III. 



POPULAR KEPRESENTATION. 

The following tables present the subject of Popular Repre- 
sentation in a very plain and simple manner, showing the white 
population, free colored, and total free population, and the 
popular vote cast in 1852. They also show the number of 
representatives in Congress, and the electoral votes, both as 
they now are and as they would be were freemen only 
represented. 



TABLE YII. 

Political View of the Slave States. 



Slave 


W 
Popu 


Free < 
Popu 


Tota 
Popu 


Popu] 
casti 


Repres 
in Co 


g^ 

^3 r-! 

(D P CO 


Electo 
as it 


1 repre 


1 Electo 
jwere n 


Status. 


bite 
.lation. 


Colored 
lation. 


1 Free 
lation. 


lar Vote 
n 1852. 


entatives 
ngress. 


entatives 
at Slaves 
sented. 


ral Vote 
now is. 


sented. | 


iralVote 
ot Slaves 




456,514 


2,265 


428,779 


41,919 


7 


5 


9 




7 




162,189 


608 


162,797 


19,577 


2 


2 


4 




4 




71,169 


18,073 


89,242 


12,673 


1 


1 


3 




3 




47,203 


932 


48,135 


7,193 


1 


1 


3 




3 




521,572 


2,931 


524,503 


51,365 


8 


6 


10 




8 




761,413 


10,011 


771,424 


111,139 


10 


9 


12 




11 




255,491 


17,462 


272,953 


35,902 


4 


3 


6 




5 


Mississippi .... 


417,943 


74,723 


492,666 


75,153 


6 


6 


8 




8 


295,718 


930 


296,648 


44,424 


5 


3 


7 




5 




592,004 


2,618 


594,622 


65,586 


7 


7 


9 




9 


North Carolina. 


553,028 


27,463 


580,491 


78,861 


8 


7 


10 




9 


South Carolina. 


274,563 


8,960 


283,523 




6 


3 


8 




5 


Tennessee ..... 


756,836 


6,422 


763,258 


115,916 


10 


9 


12 




11 




154,034 


397 


154,431 


18,547 


2 


2 


4 




4 




894,800 


54,333 


949,133 


129,545 


13 


11 


15 




13 




6,184,477 


228,128 


6,412,605 


807,800 


90 


75 


120 


105 



24 



A STATISTICAL VIEW. 



25 



TABLE YIII. 

Political View of the Free States. 



Fees 
States. 


White 
Population, 


Free Colored 
Population. 


Total Free 
Population. 


Popular Vote 
cast in 1852. 


Representation 
in Congress. 


Representation 
jWere not Slaves 
1 represented. 


Electoral Vote 
1 as it now is. 


1 represented. | 


1 Electoral Vote 
were not Slaves 


California 


91,635 


962 


92,597 


74,733 


2 


2 


4 




4 


Connecticut . 


363,099 


7,693 


370,792 


66,768 


4 


4 


6 




6 


Illinois 


846.034 


5,436 


851,470 


155.497 


9 


10 


11 




12 




977;i54 


11,262 


988,416 


183,134 


11 


12 


13 




14 




191.881 


333 


192,214 


16,845 


2 


2 


4 




4 




58i;813 


1,356 


583.169 


82,182 


6 


7 


8 




9 


Blassachusetts 


985,450 


9,064 


994:514 


132,936 


11 


12 


13 




14 




395,0n 


2,583 


897,654 


82,939 


4 


5 


6 




7 


N. Hampshire. 


817,456 


520 


317,976 


52,839 


3 


4 


5 




G 


New Jersey . . . 


465,509 


23,810 


489,319 


83,211 


5 


6 


7 




8 


New York 


8,048,325 


49,069 


8.097,394 


522,294 


33 


33 


85 




38 


Ohio 


1,955,050 


25,279 


1,980,329 


353,428 


21 


23 


23 




25 


Pennsylvania . 


2,258,160 


53,626 


2,311,786 


386;214 


25 


27 


27 




29 


Rhode Island . 


143,875 


3,670 


147,545 


17,005 


2 


2 


4 




4 




813,402 


718 


314.120 


43,838 


3 


4 


5 




G 


Wisconsin .... 


304,756 


635 


805,391 


64,712 


3 


3 


5 




5 




13,238,670 


196,016 


13,434,686 


2,318,578 


144 


159 


176 


191 



It will be recollected tliat the area of the Slave States i,3 
851,448 square miles, and that of the Free States 612,597. 
The white population of the Slave States is 6,184,477, and of 
the Free States 13,238,670. The number of free inhabitants 
in the Slave States is 6,412,605, and in the Free States 
13,434,686. The number of freemen in the Free States is, 
therefore, over 600,000 more timn double the number in the 
Slave States. 

»The representation in Congress is, from the Slave States 
ninety members, representing the 6,000,000 ; and from the 
Free States one hundred and forty-four, representing the 
13,000,000. This discrepancy between population and repre- 
sentation arises from the fact that, in determining the number 
of representatives to which each State is entitled, five slaves 
are reckoned equal to three freemen. The 3,200,304 slaves, 
therefore, in the Slave States are reckoned equal to l,920,182f 

3 



26 



THE NORTH AND THE SOUTH. 



freemen, and are represented accordingly. The slaves of tlie 
South have, therefore, a representation equal to that of the 
Free States of New Hampshire, Vermont, Connecticut, Iowa, 
and Wisconsin. 

Without the representation allowed to slave property, the 
number of representatives from the Slave States would be 
seventy-five, insteated of ninety; and from the Free States 
one hundred and fifty-nine, instead of one hundred and forty- 
four ; a gain of thirty in favor of the Free States, makmg their 
representation double that of the Slave States, even without 
the representation of Rhode Island, Wisconsin, California, and 
Iowa.* 

By such a change, Kentucky, Louisiana, North Carolhia, 
and Tennessee, would lose one representative each ; Alabama, 
Oeorgia, Virginia, and Mississippi, two each ; and South Caro- 
lina three. Illinois, Indiana, Maine, Michigan, New Hamp- 
shire, New Jersey and Vermont would each gain one ; Ohio 
and Pennsylvania two, and New York three. 

The free population of the whole fifteen Slave States is not 
9,000 more than that of the three States of New York, Penn- 
■ syivania and Massachusetts. These three States have now 
sixty-nine representatives. 

The popular vote cast at the last Presidential election, 
(1852) ui the Slave States was 807,800 ; in the Free States 
2,318,578 — a majority in favor of the latter of 1,510,778, and 
a ratio of almost three to one. The aggregate vote of the 
following eleven States, viz : Maryland, Virginia, North Caro- 
lina, Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, Florida, Ar- 
kansas, Delaware, and Texas, was less than that of the single 
State of New York ; the total vote of aU these States being 
515,159, while that of New York was 522,294; and yet, 

* It will be seen that in the late severe contests in the House of Eepre^ 
sentatives, had freemen only been represented, the question would invari- 
Sihlj have been decided in favor of the North. 



A STATISTICAL VIEW. 



'27 



according to the present system of representation, these States 
are entitled to seventy-nine electoral votes, and New York to 
only thirty-five. 

The three States, Massachusetts, Pennsylvania, and Ohio, or 
even the two States of Pennsylvania and New York, cast a 
popular vote larger, by more than 60,000, than all the Slave 
States. The three first named States have sixty-three electoral 
votes ; the last two have sixty-two ; and the fifteen Slave States 
one hundred and twenty ! 

In the North, 93,296 freemen and 16,101 voters are required 
to elect a representative to Congress. In the South, only 
71,251 freemen and 8,976 voters. A President elected by the 
Northern votes over a candidate receiving the Southern votes 
would have a popular majority of 1,510,778 votes, or about 
twice the number of votes ever cast by the South. 

A President elected by the South, with the votes of States 
enough in the North to elect him, would not be chosen by the 
majority. Thus, suppose a candidate to receive every vote in the 
South (one hundred and twenty electoral votes), and the votes 
of Maine, New Hampshire, Massachusetts, and Rhode Island 
(thirty electoral votes), this would give him one hundred and 
fifty electoral votes to one hundred and forty-six against him ; 
but the popular majority against him would be almost a milKon 
of votes, or more than the whole Southern vote, as will be seen by 
the table, the South having 807,800 voters, and the Free States 
mentioned, 284,962; being a total of 1,092,762 votes; while 
the remaining Free States, casting but one hundred and forty-six 
electoral votes, would have a popular vote of 2,033,616, which 
is a majority of 940,854. If a President were so elected, 
would the North and the Northwest be justified in dissolving 
the Union therefor ? 

Or, again : suppose a President elected by the vote of the 
South and the vote of Pennsylvania and New Jersey, the 
electoral vote would be one hundred and fifty-four for him and 



28 



THE NOETH AND THE SOUTH. 



one hundred and forty-two against him ; the popular vote would 
be 1,277,225 for Mm, and 1,849,153 against him — or a majority 
of 571,928 votes, wMcli is about three-quarters of the whole 
yote of the South. Would the Northeast and Northwest 
probably dissolve the Union on such a result ? 



CHAPTER IV. 



AGRICULTTIRE. 



The tables found in tMs chapter show the condition of 
agriculture in the United States for the year ending June, 
1850, when no other date is given. 

Tables IX., X., show the number of farms and plantations, 
acres of cultivated land, value of the same, value per acre, 
value of farm implements and machinery, and whole area, in 
acres, of the several Free and Slave States. California is 
necessarily omitted from the list of the Free States, because of 
the defective returns of the mai'shals for that State. This 
omission can only be supplied by taking the State valuation for 
1852, the fii'st made by the State authority. In that year 
there were assessed for taxation in California, 6,719,442 acres 
of land, valued at $35,879,929, or $5.34 per acre. 

In Table X., there is an evident and remarkable error — 
either of the marshals, or of the compiler of the census returns 
— in regard to the value of farms in South Carolina. This 
table, carefully copied from the Compendium of the Census, 
gives for South Carolina : 

Acres improved and unimproved land, . . 16,217,600 



Now the true value of lands in South Carolina is shown by 
its State valuation to differ essentially from this. Thus, in 
1851, there were assessed for taxation in South Carolina 
(American Almanac for 1853, p. 278) : 



Acres of land, 17,073,412 

Valued at, $23,952,679 



Valued at. 



$82,431,684 
$5.08 



per acre. 



per acre. 



$1.40 



3* 



(29) 



THE NORTH AND THE SOUTH. 



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32 



THE NORTH AND THE SOUTH. 



In 1854 (American Almanac for 1856, p. 293), there were 
assessed for taxation : 

Acres of land, 17,289,359 

Valued at $22,836,374 

" per acre, $1.32 

As to general results, the error in the South Carolina return 

and the omission of California will about balance each other. 

By Table IX. it will be seen that the whole area 
in acres of the Free States, not including 
Cahfomia, is . . . . . . 292,231,880 

Number of acres under cultivation, . . 108,082,774 
" of acres not under cultivation, . . 184,149,106 

Value of the lands under cultivation, . . $2^143,344,437 
" per acre, . . . - . ! . $19.83 

Whole area of the Slave States (including 
South CaroHna, according to the incorrect 
census figures) 544,742,926 

Number of acres under cultivation, . . 180,572,292 
" of acres not under cultivation, . . 364,170,634 

Value of the land under cultivation, . . $1,117,649,649 
" per acre, . . . _ . . . $6.18 
Including only the lands under cultivation in the two sections, 

the value per acre in the North is more than three times that 

of the South. Including the whole area, the proportion is still 

larger. 

The value per acre of land in the States, on the dividing 
line between freedom and slavery, is suggestive — thus, in the 
Free States, the value of farms per acre is as follows, viz : 

New Jersey, , 

Pennsylvania, . 



Ohio, 

Indiana, 

Illinois, 

Average, 



$43 67 
27 27 
19 99 
10 66 
7 99 

$22 17 



A STATISTICAL VIEW. 



33 



In the border Slave States tlie value is as follows, viz : 

Delaware, $19 75 

Maryland, 



Virginia, . 
Kentucky, 
IMissouri, 

Average, 



18 81 

8 27 

9 03 
6 49 

$9 25 



m 



Take those Slave States wliich, by position, population, or 
intercourse, feel least the influence of the Free States. Thus, 
the value of farms per acre is, 

North Cai'olina, 

South Carolina, 

Tennessee, 

Florida, . 

Georgia, . 

Alabama, 

Arkansas, 

Texas, 

IMississippi, 



$3 
1 
5 
3 
4 
5 



24 
32 
16 
97 
19 
30 
5 87 
1 44 
5 22 



Average, 



$3 74 



Table XI. shows the value of the agricultural pro- 
ductions of the several Free States and Slave States for 
the year 1840. It is taken from the Annual Report of 
the Secretary of the Treasury on the Finances for 1854-5. 
It is understood that the articles of wheat (54,770,311 bushels 
in the Free States and 30,052,961 bushels in the Slave States), 
sugar (31,010,234 pounds in the Free States and 124,090,566 
pounds in the Slave States), and molasses, are not included. 

Table XII. has been prepared with great labor. In the 
first two columns are given the amount and value of hve stock, 
and the amount of agricultural products, in the Free and Slave 
12 



34 



THE NORTH AND THE SOUTH. 



TABLE XI. 

Statement of the Value of the Agricultural Productions of the Free and of 
the Slave States for the year 1840. 



FREE STATES. 



Connecticut $11,201,618 

lUinois 11,577,281 

Indiana 14,484,610 

Maine 14,725,615 

Massachusetts 14,371,732 

Michigan 3,207,048 

New Hampshire 10,762,019 

New Jersey 15,314,006 

New York 91,244,178 

Ohio 27,212,004 

Pennsylvania 51,232,204 

Rhode Island 1,951,141 

Vermont 16,977,664 

Iowa 688,308 

Wisconsin 445,559 

Total $285,394,987 



SLAVE STATES. 



Alabama $23,833,470 

Arkansas 4,973,655 

Delaware 2,877,350 

Georgia 29,612,436 

Kentucky 26,233,968 

Louisiana 17,976,017 

Maryland 14,015,665 

Mssissippi 26,297,666 

Mssouri 9,755,615 

North Carolina 24,727,297 

South Carolina 20,555,919 

Tennessee 27,917,692 

Virginia 48,644,905 

Florida 1,817,718 

Total $279,239,373 



States, for the years 1840 and 1850. In the tliird and fourtli 
columns are given the values according to the calculations of 
^De Bow, m which the products of the North and the South are 
calculated at the same prices, which calculation is unfavorable 
to the North. 

.. As to those products whose value is given by De Bow 
( Census Compendium, p. 176), in the aggregate, their value 
has been distributed as follows, viz : 

^ffgs and feathers, according to the relative amount of 
poultry in the North and South in 1840. 

Milk, according to amount of butter and cheese in each sec- 
tion in 1850. 

Annual increase of stock and cattle, sheep and pigs, under 
one year old, according to value of live stock in 1850. 

Residuum of crops, manure, etc., according to population. 

Small crops, as carrots, etc., one-fourth to the South and 
three-fourths to the North. 



A STATISTICAL VIEW. 



35 



In the fifth and sixth columns are given the values according 
to the prices in Andrews' voluminous Report on Trade and 
Commerce, made August 19, 1852. The prices are the same 
for the two sections. The aggregate products have been dis- 
tributed according to the best authorities and information which 
could be obtained. 

In the seventh and eighth columns are given the average 
crops per acre in the two sections as returned by the marshals 
in 1850. 

"The quantity of wheat in 1850," says De Bow, "is be- 
lieved to be under-stated, and the crop was also short.' 
" Investigations undertaken by the State legislatures and agri- 
cultural societies," ssljs Andrews (Heporf, p. 696), "prove that 
the aggregate production of wheat reported in the census tables 
was below the average crop by at least 30,000,000 bushels." 
It seems fair to add to our table for "understatement" the 
amount of 15,000,000 bushels,* which distributed according 
to production would give Free States, 10,823,899 bushels ; 
value ^10,823,899; Slave States, 4,176,101 bushels; value, 
$4,176,101. 

Of hemp and flax^ De Bow says: "It is impossible to 
reconcile the hemp and flax returns of 1840 and 1850. No 
doubt in both cases, tons and pounds have often been con- 
founded. In a few of the States, such as Indiana and Illinois, 
the returns of 1850 were rejected altogether for insufficiency." 

* The following are the census returns of wheat, in five large wheat- 
growing counties in Ohio, for 1850, and the returns made by the State 
5*utlioritics for the same year : 

Counties. Census Returns. State Returns. 

Stark, bushels, 590,594 1,071,177 

Wayne, " 571,377 .■ 1,020,000 

Muskingum, " 415,847 1,003,000 

Licking, " 336,317 849,110 

Coshocton " 416,918 852,809 



2,331,053 



4,806,193 



86 THE NORTH AND THE SOUTH. 



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A STATISTICAL VIEW. 



37 



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38 



THE NORTH AND THE SOUTH. 



Add, then, for "insufficiency" of returns, to the amount of 
hemp and flax for these two States enough to make their 
production in 1850 equal it in 1840, and its value wiU be, at 
six cents per pound, $1,225,138. With these corrections, the 
grand aggregate of the agricultural products of the United 
States, for the year ending June, 1850, will be, using Andrews* 
prices, — 

Free States, $858,634,334 

Slave States, 631,277,417 



Total, . . . . . $1,489,911,751 

The following is a list" of the prices of leading products in 
the foregoing table, by De Bow, and Andi'ews : 



Indian corn, bushel, . 


$ 50 


$ 60 


meat, " 


1 00 


1 00 


Oats, " 


30 


44 


Irish potatoes, " 


40 


75 


Sweet " " . . 


50 


80 


Eye, " " . . 


55 


89 


Peas and beans, " 


62i. 


80 


Cotton, bale of 400 pounds, . 


40 32 


40 00 


Cane sugar, hhds. of 1000 lbs. 


52 20 


40 00 


Maple sugar, pound, 


5 


5' 


Butter, " . . 


16 


20 


Eice, " 


2 


3 


Hay, ton, 


7 00 


12 50 


Hemp, " 


150 47 


136 00 


Wool, pound, 


30 


50 


Tobacco, " 


7 


6 


Flax, " 


10 


6 



A glance at the prices of De Bow will satisfy any one that, 
if they be fair for Virginia, Tennessee, and the South gener- 
ally, and for Illinois, Missouri, and the West, they cannot be 
for New England, New York, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania. 



A STATISTICAL VIEW. 



39 



Thus of Indian corn, which De Bow calls 50 cents per 
bushel. If Southern and "Western corn be worth that price 
where it is raised, Northern and Eastern corn must be worth 
at least 75 cents. So of wheat, which De Bow puts at a • 
doUar. If that be fair for Tennessee, JMissouri, and Illinois, a 
doUar and twenty-five cents is a moderate price for the North- 
em and Eastern States mentioned. So of oats, rye, potatoes, 
hay, wool, peas and beans, and some other products. There 
should be added then to De Bow's aggregates, for the products 
of New England, Nejj^ York, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania, 
as follows, viz : 



Indian corn, 


56,639,174 bush, at 25 cts. $14,159,793 


Wheat, 


31,183,273 


25 


7,795,818 


Oats, 


59,570,301 


15 


8,935,545 


Eye, 


11,779,509 


20 


2,355,902 


Potatoes, 


44,204,441 


35 


15,471,554 


Hay, 


9,471,369 tons, $7 


00 


66,299,573 


Wool, 


22,283,776 lbs. 


10 


2,228,377 


Peas and beans, 


1,261,732 bush. 


50 


630,866 


Total, 






$117,877,428 



This list might be extended stiH further. Adding this 
amount to the aggregates, according to De Bow's figures, and 
the total amount will be, — 

Free States, $827,054,955 

Slave States, .... 634,570,057 



Total, . . . ' . . $1,461,625,012 
This is not essentially different from the result arrived at by 
taking Andrews' prices. By neither mode of calculation is 
fuU justice done to the North. 

VALUE OF AGKICULTURAL PRODUCTIONS, PER ACRE, IN 1850 

The value of agricultural productions per acre for 1850 is 



40 



THE NORTH AND THE SOUTH. 



obtained by dividing the total product by the number of acres 
of land under cultivation. Thus, — 

FREE STATES. 

Number of acres in farms, .... 108,193,522 

Agricultural product, $858,634,334 

Product per acre, $7,94 

SLAVE STATES. 

Number of acres in farms and plantations, . 180,572,392 
Agricultural product, . , 9 . . $631,277,417 
Product per acre, $3.49 

VALUE OP AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS, PER HEAD, IN 1850. 

No enumeration was made in 1850 of the whole number of 
persons engaged in agriculture, as was done in 1840, and the 
returns for the latter year must therefore be the basis of our 
calculation for 1850, as to the number, and the consequent 
value, of the products per head in the two sections of our 
country. Assuming, then, that in the North the proportion of 
the whole population of those engaged in agriculture was the 
same in 1850 as in 1840, and that in the South the proportion 
of the free population thus engaged was no larger than in the 
North, we have the following result, viz : 

FREE STATES. 

Whole number engaged in agriculture in 1850, 2,509,126 
Value of agricultural products,' . . .$858,634,334 
Value per head, . - . . . . $342 

SLAVE STATES. 

Number of free population engaged in agricul- 
ture m 1850, 1,197,649 

Number of slaves engaged in agriculture in 1850, 2,500,000 



Total, ^. 3,697,649 

Value of agricultural products, . . . $631,277,417 
Value per head $171 



A STATISTICAL VIEW. 



41 



De Bow says of tlie slave population of 1850 (Census Com- 
pendium, p. 94), there are "about 2,500,000 slaves directly 
employed in agriculture." This is a small estimate, and the 
number given above (1,197,649) of the 6,412,605 free popula- 
tion of the South engaged in agriculture is very small. With 
the little manufactures and commerce of the South, what are 
the people of that region engaged in ? But, under protest, we 
adopt the above conclusions. This, then, is the grand result in 
the department of agriculture, the peculiar province of the 
South : 

The North, with half as much land under cultivation, and 
two-thirds as many persons engaged in farming, produces two 
hundred and twenty-seven millions of dollars worth of agricultural 
products in a year more than the South ; twice as much on an 
acre, and more than douUe the value per head for every person 
engaged in farming. 

And this, while the South, paying nothing for its labor, 
lias better land, a monopoly of cotton, rice, cane sugar, and 
nearly so of tobacco and hemp, and a climate granting two and 
sometimes three crops in a year. Nor does a comparison of the 
products of 1850 with those of 1840 afford any ground for 
hope for the South. A recurrence to Table XI. will show 
that, excluding wheat, sugar, and molasses from the aggregate? 
the production of the South for 1840 was nearly equal that of 
the North. Perhaps in 1830 it was greater. 

Table XIII. gives the population, white and slave, number of 
acres of land, value of farms, value of land per acre, number 
of students and scholars in public and private schools, and the 
number of whites over twenty unable to read and write, in the 
counties in the several States on the dividing line between the 
Free and Slave States, from the Atlantic to the Mississippi. 
The statistics are from De Bow's Compendium of the Census 
of 1850. The table is an important one, and deserves a more 
extended consideration than can be given it in this work. 



42 



THE NORTH AND THE SOUTH. 



^ to 

C g ^ 

^ <» o 



b § s ^ 



S 

CO 



No. of Whites 
over 20 Tmable 
to read & write 



No. of WMtes 
over 5 and 
under 20 
years old. 



White Scholars 
in Public 

Schools during 
the year. 



Pupils in 
Colleges, Acad- 
emies, and Pri- 
vate Schools. 



Value of Farms 
per Acre. 



Value of 
Improved and 
Unimproved 
Land 
in 1850. 



Acres of 
Improved and 
Unimproved 
Land 
in 1850. 



Slaves 
in 1850. 



White 
Population 
in 1850. 



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A STATISTICAL VIEW. 



43 



In proportion to the white population, these border counties 
of the Slave States contain the follo"udng per cent of slaves, viz : 

Delaware, 1 per cent. 

Maryland, ... • • -5 " • 

Yirginia, 2 " 

Kentucky, ..... 21 " 
The remaining counties of the same States give the follow- 
ing, viz : 

Delaware, 8 per cent. 

Maryland, 71 " 

Virgmia, . . . . .50 " 

Kentucky, . . . . .31 " 
The value of lands per acre will be seen by an examination 
of the table ; and it will be noticed, that, with the exception of 
the broken region of Virginia, which lies adjacent to Ohio, and 
that of Kentucky, which lies adjacent to Dlinois, the value of 
lands per acre in the counties of the Slave States adjoining the 
Free is greater than that of the remaining counties of their 
respective States. The opposite is true, generally, of the 
border counties of the Free States. Thus, the effects of 
freedom and slavery on the value of the adjacent lands is 
reciprocal. The neighborhood of slavery lessens their value in 
the Free States ; the neighborhood of freedom increases it in 
the Slave States. To such an extent is this true, that, in Vir- 
ginia, for example, the lands in counties naturally poor, are, by 
the proximity of freedom, rendered more valuable than those 
unequalled lands in the better portions of the State. In- 
deed, this table shows 'the fact that the lands in the border 
counties of the Slave States are worth more per acre than the 
remaining lands in the same States, with the addition of the 
value of the whole number of their slaves at $400 per head. 
And this, be it remembered, while the value of lands in the 
balance of the counties of the border Slave States is double 
that of the lands in the Slave States not adjacent to the Free. 
It is for the interest of the Slave States to be hedged in by a 



44 



THE NORTH AND THE SOUTH. 



circle of Free States. If Tennessee had been a Free State, 
her lands would have been worth as much as those of Ohio, — 
$19.99 per acre, instead of $5.16 as now, — and who cannot 
see that, in that event, the lands of North Carolina, South 
Carolina, and Georgia would have been worth more per acre 
than the sums of $3.34, $1.40, $4.19, respectively. Not only 
could Tennessee afford to sacrifice the whole value of her slaves 
for the sake of freedom, but even North Carolina, South Caro- 
lina, and Georgia could afford to sacrifice the whole value of 
their own slaves, and pay for all of the slaves in Tennessee for 
the sake of halving a free neighbor. The increased value of 
lands would more than compensate for the sacrifice. The 
figures prove this. 

Tennessee has 18,984,022 acres of land under cultivation, 
worth $5.16 per acre. Multiply this number of acres by 
$14.83 (the difference between the value of lands in Tennessee 



and Ohio), and the amount is, ... $281,533,046 
Tennessee has 239,459 slaves ; value, at $400 

each, 95,783,600 

This leaves the respectable margin of . . 185,749,446 



North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia 
have 60,891,774 acres of land, worth $3 08 
per acre. Multiply this number of acres by 
$15.73 (the difference in value between the 
lands in these States and the border Slave 



State of Maryland), and the amount is . $957,827,605 

Number of slaves in these States, . . . 1,055,214 

Vftlue at $400 each, . . . . . $422,085,600 

Value of slaves in Tennessee, as above, . . 95,783,600 



Total, $517,869,200 

Deducting this from the increased value of 
lands, and the balance in favor of free neigh- 
bors is the sum of $439,958,405 



A STATISTICAL VIEW. 



45 



Thus, the figures show that Tennessee could aSbrd, for the 
sake of freedom, to sacrifice the whole value of her quarter of 
a million of slaves, and pay in addition the sum of $185,749,446. 
For the sake of a free neighbor, and to bring up their lands to 
the value of those of Maryland, the States of North and South 
Carolma, and Georgia, could afford to sacfifice the whole of 
their own slaves, pay for those of Tennessee, and make 
$439,958,405 by the bargain, which sum is considerably more 
than twice the present value of all their lands. Nay, these 
States could afford to send off, singly, every slave within their 
limits, in a coach with two horses, and provisions for a year, if 
they could but bring up the value of their lands to that of the 
land in northern Maryland. Indignation, and patriotism, and 
dissolution of the Union, indeed, if a fugitive now and then be 
not reclaimed ! South Carolina could afford to pay every year 
more money than she spent in the whole Kevolutionary war, 
to make her whole number of slaves fugitives ; and then make 
money enough by the transaction to fence in the whole State 
with a picket fence, to prevent their return. 

NEW ENGLAND, SOUTH CAROLINA, AND VIRGINIA. 

Comparisons between portions of the North and the South 
can be made to any extent. A few are added, with such sug- 
gestions as seem proper. 

Table XIV. is a comparison between the States of Rhode 
Island and Connecticut, and an equal extent of cultivated lands 
in certain counties of South Carolina. The table includes the 
city of Charleston. The comparison extends to the value of 
lands, population, value #f agricultural and manufactured pro- 
ducts, commerce, and education. The value of lands in the 
South Carolina counties is the fictitious one of De Bow's Com- 
pendium, and not the real one of the State valuation. 

The portions compared in Table XIV. are of equal age as well * 
as extent. The free portion has eleven times the white popu- 
lation ; nearly four times the total population of white and slave. 
Its lands are worth six times as much, and twice as much after 



THE JJOKTH AND THE SOUTH. 





\ural 










s 


Aqri 


Coll 
outh 






•S ^ 


1 


■a 




Cash ] 




Studei 
I area. 


Farms, 




^ 53 


<u 
a. 


a e 






1^ 




1 


S 2 


1 




1 § 






1 I- 








cres 


e 


185; 

Con 
















J ^ 










i ^ 






?S o 







Scholars in Public 
Schools, 1850. 



Students in Colleges, 
Academies, and Pri- 
vate Schools, 1850. 



Tonnage built dur- 
ing the year ending 
June 30, 1855. 



Tonnage owned 
June 30, 1855. 



Value of 
Manufactures 
in 1850. 



Value of Agricultural 

Products in 1850, 
according to De Bow. 



Value of Slaves 
at $400 each. 



Value of Slaves per 
acre, at $400 each. 



Slaves in 1850. 



White Population 
in 1850. 



Cash Value of Farms 
per acre, 1850. 



Cash Value of Farms 
in 1850. 



Acres of 
Unimproved Land 
in 1850. 



Acres of 
Improved Land 
in 1850. 



I- CO 

CO Id 



CD CD 



C2 l-O 
OOO 



CO\q 



Ol-O 



II 



CDOCOOOO 
O l.— 1^ CO o 
r-!r-IC0TtlCO 



COCO flj 



O CO 
I—I I— ( 



005 to-* 

CDi-H(MCO(M 

t->O00^CD^CD_ 

COCOr-li-O-* 



^ O O CD 
OCO-*'*<M 
O CD 1-^CD^OO^ 
CD'-^CO^cTt-T 
O O (jq CD t- 
CO r-<^(?q tH CO 

^i-T 



gssss 

cTi-Tco'cTcxr 
T-H o ocoo 
oco-*ooo 



lOCOl-HCOt- 
oqcOr-ICDOO 
CDCicOp-ICO 



■^ocTco^cvrt^ 



OO CO IM CI t-H 

O Ol O <M CO 



CO i-H lO o 

O O CD OO CO 
OJ t- GO CO CO 



l-O ^ O i-l (M 

crT oo(^f cf c<r 



(MCDCOCD_CO_ 
CO CO (M 



m o 



ill 



d S ^ 
s 



A STATISTICAL VIEW. 



47 



adding to tlie value of tlie lands the whole value of the slaves in 
this most intensely slave portion of the Union, at the rate of $4^0 
for each slave. The value of the agricultural products of Con- 
necticut and Rhode Island is four times as great as that of those 
of this portion of Carolina, although the latter has the monopoly 
almost of the rice-producing region. Of the value of the 
Carolina products, one-third is cotton ; and here is the place to 
say, that it is owing to the invention of a Massachusetts man 
that the South is able to raise its cotton at all at this time. If 
the South had be^ obhged to clean cotton by hand, at the rate 
of a pound a day for each slave, as before the invention of 
Whitney, the whole cotton-producing region would have been 
bankrupt. The treatment which the IsTorthern inventor received 
at the hands of those Southrons, whose fortunes he had made, 
is a sad portion of history. Before his patent was obtained, a 
mob of the chivahy (who despise so heartily and magnificently 
a money-making, peddling Yankee) broke open the building in 
which his machine was placed, carried off the machine, and 
made others from it ; and, before he could go through the formal- 
ities of getting his patent, several machines were in successful 
operation on the plantations of different gentlemen. In the 
Georgia courts, Whitney's rights were decided against, on the 
ground mainly that, as " the introduction of the gm would open 
up boundless resources of wealth to the planters, it was too 
great a power to allow any one man a monopoly of the right to 
furnish the machines." South Carolina agreed to pay $50,000 
for the invention, paid $20,000 down, then repudiated the con- 
tract, sued Whitney and his partner for the money paid, and 
cast the latter into prison. Afterwards, this action was reversed 
and the contract fulfilled. The action of Tennessee was similar 
to that of South Carolina, without the repentance. North 
Carolina did better, and was faithful to its contract. After 
years of litigation, Whitney got a decision in his favor in the 
United States Court ; but meantime his patent was nearly out, 
and his application for a renewal was denied by the votes of 
those whose fortunes he had made. In Georgia, in the courts> 



48 



THE NORTH AND THE SOUTH. 



witnesses, judges, and juries gave way, in spite of law and 
evidence, before the rapacity of the planters. " In one in- 
stance," says Whitney, "I had great difficulty in proving 
that the machine had been used in Georgia, although at the 
same moment there were three separate sets of this machinery 
in motion within fifty yards of the building in which the court 
sat, and all so near that the rattling of the wheels was distinctly 
heard on the steps of the court-house." 

To- return to table XIV. In manufactures, the North has 
more than twenty times; in tonnage owned in 1855, three 
times ; and in tonnage built in the same year, three hundred 
and fifty times as much as the South. The " tonnage built " 
in 1855, in South Carolina, consisted of one schooner of sixty- 
one tons burden. This is since the sitting of several Southern 
conventions, in which they resolved to have an extensive com- 
merce of their own, not only with Europe, but with Brazil and 
Central America. As to education, the New England figures 
are twenty times as large as those of Carolina. 

Table XV. is a comparison between Massachusetts and an 
equal extent of territory in Virginia. The portion of Virginia 
taken is the southeastern, from the Atlantic to the mountains. 
It includes Norfolk, the commercial capital of Virginia, and the 
land taken is naturally as good as that of other parts of the 
State, and much better than the lands in Massachusetts. The 
age of the two sections is about the same. As compared with 
Virginia, the white population m Massachusetts is ten times as 
great, and five times as great as its total vfhite and slave. Her 
lands are worth nearly six times as much per acre, and almost 
twice as much as the lands and slaves of the Virginia counties 
added together, although they constitute the most dense slave 
section of the State (the slaves being worth twice as much as 
the lands and buildings). The agricultural products of Massa- 
chusetts, at De Bow's prices, are nearly double those of the 
Virginia counties, while her manufacturing products are more 
than forty times as great, and eight times as much in a single year 
as the whole value of this great portion of Virginia, including 



A STATISTICAL VIETT. 



49 



.1 I 

J !■ 



ft. ^ 



Scholars in the 
Public Scliools 
in 1850. 



Pupils in Colleges, 
Academies, and Pri 
vate Schools, 1850. 



00 CO «5 (M lO T-l CMCacqciCOr 



>-*oo-.*ico . coo 



Amount of Tonnage 
Built in 1855. 



Tonnage Owned 
June 30, 1855. 



Value of 
Manufactures, 
1850. 



Value of Agricul- 
tural Products in 
1850, according to 
De Bow. 



I <J3 CO CO Gl C 



CD lO 1— I O OO t~ CD (M C-1 to CI LO CD 



CDOOuOOOt-|.<SHCCOOCDl.Ot~l>-l:^CO 
N(MC»i-ICX)iOT-)CO-<H03(M(M<Mr-l 



Value of Slaves 
at $400 per Slave. 



Value of Slaves 

per Acre 
at $400 per Slave. 



Slaves in 1850. 



White Population 
in 1850. 



Cash Value of 
Farms per acre 
in 1850. 



Cash value of 
Farms 
in 1850. 



OOOOOOOOOOOt 



o oo o_o o o^o S 
oi CD oi o "^"cvT Tirc6~c4~cD o~of o6~i-r 

C-^ CO 1— I CO C>3 CO r-l O 00 CD V-O O 32 
Ol CO^rH^L-- Cn^OO^iO^CO^CO^OO^r-J^Cvl^TO^as 



■CD-*OCDCOt 



(MCOO-l^-KMOOCOiOiC^OCOCOCd 



t^-*COCDCDiOi— ICDO-^CJlOOiO 
OOCqCDI-^>OC00300^(M(MOOt-Hi-l 
rH_CO_C<] OS Ol I--; O Ol^-Th^CO C<J, l-^(N^ 



)co(Mooi?qiooo(Maii--ooc<i 



l-OOJC^CDOi'-HOrHOOCDOlO 



Acres of 
Unimproved Land 
in 1850. 



Acres of 
Improved Land 
in 1850. 



(MOiOCOCDCDCDCOOOOO-^rtHOCO 
Ci CO OO lO 'rlH O O CD O i-H CO C3 05 
rHi0Ol^CDrHC:i-^C0C0OOC2(N 



Counties in Virginia 
of area equal to the 
State of 
Massachusetts. 



m pi 



5 



50 



THE NORTH AND THE SOUTH. 



its commercial capital. Tonnage owned, Massachusetts twenty- 
eight parts, Virginia one part ; tonnage built in 1855, Massa- 
chusetts thirty-seven parts, Virginia one part. Education, 
scholars, Massachusetts twenty-one parts, Virginia one part. 

TAELE XVI. 

Population, Crops, and other Statistics of Plymouth and Norfolk Counties, 
in Massachusetts, and James City and Westmoreland Counties, in Virginia, 
for the year 1850. 





Plymoutli 




Norfolk 


VV estmore* 


Jl OpLTiaXlOIlj vyPOpSj cCC* 


Countyij 


County. 






I\Xass. 


Va. 


M[ass* 








T /ICQ 


<o,b'±o 


Q Q7ff 




456 


Dud 




1 1A7 






J., Quo 








KR con 


A AOA 


009 
to.ooa 


Q nar» 
cS,UoU 




Q KC\R 

y.ouo 


QQft 

oyb 


19 K/lc: 


ooy 


"Wliites bctwcGn ttiG RgGS of 5 Jiiid. 20 


J. ( .O'iM 


0'i\) 




J.,oovJ 


Pupils in pulDlic & privo^te sctiools 




olO 


IS 9f^9 


00 < 


NcitivGS uiielIdIg to rcjid. cmd writGj 












50 


52 


o4 


ono 

oyo 




2,447 


129 


2.637 


443 






91 91^1 


107 '884. 


RQ C97 
Do,bZ< 




114,254 


44.132 


67,444 


6,450 






$ODi,ydi 


$Io, /4b. oUo 


?pl,ld2,iy7 






$8.59 


$78.41 


$8.70 


Number of Horses and Mules. . . . 


2,458 


534 


3.311 


1.101 




11,855 


2,365 


12,656 


6,225 




5,384 


1,217 


580 


3,676 




4,574 


4,009 


8,209 


8,237 




251 


25,476 


856 


82,774 




17,143 




17,423 


502 




2b, 809 


22.040 


14,939 


7.897 




105,243 


102,430 


112,132 


269,115 




208,402 


2,789 


253,158 


4,970 






5,730 




6,176 




871 


300 


3,952 


1,350 




3.267 




5,462 






239 




454 




874,816 


17,785 


847,089 


28,437 


130,478 




90,160 






28,532 


8 


41,588 


32 




12 




81 


129 




152 


























1,345 










7 




16,643 


2,197 


879 


8,603 




3,352 




1,047 


3,700 


Value of Animals slaughtered. . . . 


$!176,102 


$14,339 


$289,809 


$41,740 


Value of Produce of Market Gard's 


$13,502 


$365 


$136,796 


$26 




$19,205 




$55,458 


$512 




21 




91 


2 




$2,397,305 


none. 


$5,433,800 


$3,880 




8,024 


(( 


15.628 


19 




$6,713,906 


a 


$13,823,595 


$16,800 


Value of Domestic Manufactures . 


$953 


$544 


$25,702 


$7,843 



A STATISTICAL VIEW. 



51 



Table XVI. is a comparison between the counties of Nor- 
folk and Plymouth in Massachusetts, and the counties of West- 
moreland and James City in Virginia, as to population, educa- 
tion, agriculture, etc. 

- James City Co. is the county in which are situated James- 
town, the Plymouth of Virginia, and William and Mary's 
College, the rival in age of Harvard University. Jamestown 
now contains two houses, and of William and Mary's College 
it is said that it seldom has more than forty students (the 
Census Compendium gives it thirty-five in 1850). Westmore- 
land Co. is the native county of Washington. Of the Massa- 
chusetts counties, Norfolk is the county of the Adamses, and 
Plymouth that of the Pilgrim settlement. 

.VALUE OF LAND IN NORTHERN AND SOUTHERN COUNTIES. 

The value of land per acre in some of the counties in the 
South, where there is the largest proportion of slaves, is as 
follows, viz : 

Charles Co., Maryland (whites 5,665 ; slaves 9,584), $10.50. 

Ameha Co., Virginia (whites, 2,785 ; slaves, 6,819), $7,60. 

Beaufort, Colleton, and Georgetown Co.'s, South Carolina 
(whites, 14,915 ; slaves, 71,904), $7.30. 

The value of land per acre in some Northern counties is as 
follows, viz : Hudson Co., New Jersey, $178 ; Delaware Co., 
Pennsylvania, $86. 

No more tables will be given in the department of agricul- 
ture. Some further comparisons and illustrations are given. 

Virginia, free, and as thickly settled as Massachusetts, would 
have had, in 1850, 7,751,324 whites instead of 894,800. 

Massachusetts, a slave State, and as thinly populated as 
Virginia, would have had in 1850, 102,351 white inhabitants 
instead of 985,450. 

Virginia, free, would have had an annual product of manu- 
factures amountuig to $1,190,072,592. instead of $29,705,387. . 



52 



THE NOKTH AND THE SOUTH. 



Massachusetts, a slave State, Avonld have had manufactures 
amounting to $3,776,601, instead of $151,137,145. 

Virginia, free, would have been worth in real and personal 
property (on the basis of the census estimate), $4,333,525,367, 
instead of (value of slaves deducted) $203,635,238. 

Massachusetts, a slave State, would have been worth 
$48,604,335 instead of $551,106,824. 

Boston, with slavery, according to the increase of population 
in Virginia, would have contained 3,489 people instead of 
136,881. In the whole South there are less than fifty cities 
with a population of 3,500. 

Richmond, Virginia, free, according to the increase of popu- 
lation in Massachusetts, would have contained 1,076,669 free 
people instead of 17,643. 

If Virginia had not a settler within her territory, and should , 
be opened at once to free settlement, in ten years she would 
have nearly as many white inhabitants as she now has, two 
hundred and fifty years after her settlement, and in twenty 
years she would have nearly as many whites as the whole 
number of slaveholding States now have, provided 60,000 
settlers should go in the first year, and that the rate of increase 
should be as great as that of Wisconsin, Iowa, or Minnesota. 
Even with tliis population of twenty years, she would not be so 
densely peopled as Massachusetts was in 1850. The figures 
prove our statements : thus, Wisconsin had, in 1840, 30,749 
whites; in 1850, 304,756. Ratio of increase 89.11 per cent. 
Assume 60,000 whites in Virginia at the close of the first year, 
and the rate of mcrease as above, then in ten years she would 
have 594,660 white inhabitants, and in twenty years 5,793,475. 
Number of whites in Virginia in 1850, 894,800 ; in the slave- 
liolding States, 6,184,477. Thus, as to population, slavery in 
two hundred and fifty years has done the work of twenty. As 
to the value of lands, it has done still worse. Thus, in httle 
more than ten years, Wisconsin had brought up the value of 



A STATISTICAL VIEW. 



53 



her farms per acre to $9.54 ; Virginia in two hundred and fifty 
years had barely raised the price of her lands to $8.27. 

We give below, from different authorities, the past and 
present condition of the lands of the Free and Slave States. 

" New England" (says " A perfect description of Virginia," 
pubhshed in London in 1649) " is in a good condition of liveli- 
hood ; but for matter of any great hope but fishing there is not 
much." Compared to Virginia, "it's as Scotland is to England, 
so much difference, and hes upon the same land northward as 
Scotland does to England ; there is much cold, frost, and snow ; 
their land is barren, except a herring be put into the hole you set 
the corn in, it will not come up ; and it was a great pity all 
those planters, now about 20,000, did not seat themselves at first 
at the south of Virginia, in a warm and rich country, where their 
industry could have produced sugar, indigo, ginger, cotton, and 
the like commodities." 

Said Sir Thomas Dale, in 1G12, speaking of Vii'ginia, "Take 
four of the best kingdoms in Christendom, and put them all 
together, they may no way compare with this country either 
for commodities or goodness of soil." 

Says Beverley at a later period : " In extreme fruitfulness, 
it (Virginia) is exceeded by no other. No seed is sown there 
but it thrives, and most of the northern plants are improved 
by being transplanted thither." 

Says Lane, the Governor of Raleigh colony, in 1585, speak- 
ing of Virginia and CaroUna: " It is the goodliest soil under the 
cope of heaven, the most pleasing territory of the world. 
The chmate is so wholesome that we have ni>t one sick since 
we touched the land. If Virginia had but horses and kine, 
and were inhabited with English, no realm in Christendom 
were comparable to it." 

Such was the country which slavery took two hundred years 
ago : and any quantity of testimony to its fertility could be 
quoted. Mark the change which slavery has made. 

Says Washington (letter to Arthur Young, Nov. 1, 1787), 
5* 



54: 



THE NORTH AND THE SOUTH. 



" Our lands, as I mentioned to you, were originally very good, 
but use and abuse have made them quite otherwise." 

Says Olmsted (Seaboard Slave States, pages 63 and 65), 
speaking of the lands, stock, and vehicks of a certain locality 
in eastern Virginia in 1855 : " Oldfields' — a coarse, yellow, 
sandy soil, bearing scarce anything but pine trees and broom- 
sedge. In some places, for acres, the pines would not be above 
five feet high — that was land that had been in cultivation, 
used up, and ' turned out ' not more than six or eight years 
before ; then there were patches of every age ; sometimes the 
trees were a hundred feet high. At long intervals there were 
fields in which the pine was just beginning to spring in beauti- 
ful green plumes from the ground, and was yet hardly noticeable 
among the dead brown grass and sassafras bushes and black- 
berry vines, which nature first sends to hide the nakedness of 
the impoverished earth. 

" Of living creatures, for miles, not one was to be seen (not 
even a crow or a snow-bird), except hogs. These — long, 
lank, snake-headed, hairy, wild beasts — would come dashing 
across our path, in packs of from three to a dozen, with short 
hasty grunts, almost always at a gallop, and looking neither to 
the right nor left, as if they were in pursuit of a fox, and were 
quite certain to catch him in the next hundred yards." (Num- 
ber of swine in Virginia in 1850, 1,829,843.) 

" We turned the comer, following some slight traces of a 
road, and shortly afterwards met a curious vehicular estabhsh- 
ment, probably belonging to the master of the hounds. It 
consisted of an axle-tree and wheels, and a pair of shafts, made 
of unbarked saplings, in which was harnessed, by attachments 
of raw-hide and rope, a single small ox. There was a bit 
made of telegraph wire in his mouth, by which he. was guided, 
through the mediation of a pair of much knotted rope-reins, by 
a white man — a dignified sovereign wearing a brimless crown 
— who sat upon a two-bushel sack (of meal, I hope, for the 
hounds' sake), balanced upon the axle-tree ; and who saluted 



A STATISTICAL VIEW. 



55 



me with a frank ' How are you ? ' as we came opposite each 
other." 

Said Henry A. "Wise, in 1855, during his canvass for Gov- 
enor, speaking to the Vn^ginians : " You all own plenty of land, 
but it is poverty added to poverty. Poor land added to poor land, 
and nothing added to nothing makes nothing ; while the owner is 
talking politics at Richmond, or in Congress, or spending the 
summer at the White Springs, the lands grow poorer and poorer, 
and this soon brings land, negroes, and all, under the hammer. 
You have the owners skinning the negroes, and the negroes 
skinning the land, until all grow poor together. 

" You have relied alone on the single power of agriculture, 
and such agriculture ! Your sedge-patches outshine the sun ; 
your inattention to your only source of wealth has scared the 
bosom of mother Earth. Instead of having to feed cattle on a 
thousand hills, you have to chase the stump-tailed steer through 
the sedge-patches to procure a tough beef-steak." (Number of 
neat cattle in Virginia, in 1850, 1,076,269.) 

" I have heard a story — I will not locate it here or there — 
about the condition of the prosperity of our agriculture. I was 
told by a gentleman in Washington, not long ago, that he was 
travelHng in a county not a hundred miles from this place, and 
overtook one of our citizens on horseback, with perhaps, a bag 
of hay for a saddle, without stirrups, and the leading line for a 
bridle, and he said, ' Stranger, whose house is that ? ' * It is 
mine,' w^as the reply. They came to another. * Wliose house 
is that?' ^Mine, too, stranger.' To a third, 'And whose 
house is that?' 'That's mine, too, stranger; but don't sup- 
pose I'm so darned poor as to own all the land about here.'" 

Wise was speaking at Alexandria, in Fairfax Co., the 
county of Mount Vernon, and the farm of Wasliington. In 
certain parts, this county has been wonderfully improved by 
Northern emigrants, who have purchased lands and applied 
free labor and skill to them. So much have they improved their 



56 



THE NORTH AND THE SOUTH. 



portion, that the Patent Office Report says, " A traveller who 
passed over it ten years ago would not now recognize it." 

Says the Hon. Willoughby Newton, of Virginia, in his agri- 
cultural address, in 1850 : "I look upon the introduction of 
guano, and the success attending its application to our barren 
lands, in the light of a special interposition of Divine Provi- 
dence, to save the northern neck of Virginia from reverting 
into its former state of wilderness and utter desolation. Until 
the discovery of guano — more valuable to us than the mines 
of California — I looked upon the possibihty of renovating our 
soil, of ever bringing it to a point capable of producing remu- 
nerating crops, as utterly hopeless." Is Virginia to be saved 
by guano ? Mr. Newton recommends the apphcation of two 
hundred pounds per acre. Number of acres of land under 
cultivation in Virginia in 1850, 26,152,311. Amount of guano 
requisite to cover this land, at the rate of two hundred pounds 
per acre, 2,615,231 tons. This, at $50 per ton, would cost 
$130,761,550. Guano must be applied every other year. 
This would give the annual amount 1,307,615 tons, and the 
annual cost $65,380,775. Where is the money to pay this 
annual tax to come from ? How long would it take the perma- 
nent registered tonnage of Virginia (9,246 tons in 1855) to 
import enough for one year's use ? And then the spectacle of 
this magnificent fleet (of eighteen vessels of five hundred tons, 
or thirty of three hundred), officered by the chivalry, and 
manned by slaves, toting bird-manure around Cape Horn, in 
quantities enough to cover the worn-out surface of the Old 
Dominion ! 

Of North Carohna, the Patent Office Report for 1851 says 
(communication of G. S. Sullivan, of Lincoln Co.), " We 
raise no stock of any kind except for home consumption, and 
not half enough of that ; for we have now worn out our lands 
so much, that we do not grow food enough to maintain them." 

Of Alabama (communication of N. B.. Powell) : " We are 



A STATISTICAL VIEW. 



57 



the most dependent people in the Union, rely mainly, as we 
do, upon our neighbors of the West for nearly all our supplies." 

Says Ohnsted (page 475) of the threshing of rice in South 
Carolina: "Threshing commences immediately after harvest, 
and on many plantations proceeds very tediously, in the old 
way of threshing wheat with flails by hand, occupying the best 
of the plantation force for the most of the winter. It is done 
on an earthen floor in the open air, and the rice is cleaned by 
carrying it on the heads of the negroes, by a ladder, up on to 
a platform, twenty feet from the ground, and pouring it slowly 
down, so that the wind will drive off the chaff, and leave the 
grain ia a heap under the platform." Threshing machines 
have, howe\^er, been introduced on some large plantations. 

Of Alabama, says Hon. C. C. Clay, Jr., a politician and 
leading man, in an address in 1855 : " I can show you, with 
sorrow, in the older portions of Alabama, and in my native 
county of Madison, the sad memorials of the artless and ex- 
hausting culture of cotton. Our small planters, after taking the 
cream off their lands, unable to restore them by rest, manures, 
or otherwise, are gomg farther west and south, in search of 
other virgin lands, which they may and will despoil and im- 
poverish in like manner." 

"In 1825, Madison county cast about 3,000 votes; now she 
cannot cast exceedmg 2,300. In traversing that county, one 
will discover numerous farm-houses, once the abode of indus- 
trious and intelhgent freemen, now occupied by slaves, or 
tenantless, deserted, and dilapidated; he will observe fields, 
once fertile, now unfenced, abandoned, and covered with those 
evil harbingers — fox-tail and broom-sedge; he will see the 
moss growing on the mouldering walls of once thrifty villages ; 
and will find * one only master grasps the whole domain ' that 
once furnished happy homes for a dozen white families. In- 
deed, a county in its infancy, where fifty years ago scarce a 
forest tree had been felled by the axe of the pioneer, is abeady 
exhibiting the painful signs of senility and decay, apparent in 



58 



THE NORTH AND THE SOUTH. 



Virginia and the Cai'olinas; tlie freshness of its agricultural 
glory is gone ; the vigor of its youth is extinct, and the spirit 
of desolation seems brooding over it." 

Enough of these extracts to show the blight of slavery in the 
department of agriculture ; no extracts are needed to show 
that the farms in the Free States increase in value with every 
succeeding year. It is not now necessary " that a herring be 
put into the hole " with corn, " or it will not come up." 



CHAPTER V. 



MANUFACTURES. 

The tables in this chapter, compiled — when no other 
authority is given — from the Compendium of the Census of 
1850, show the state of manufactures in the United States for 
the year ending June, 1850. The tables for 1850 are preceded 
by tables (from the annual Report of the Secretary of the 
Treasury on the Finances, for 1855) giving the population, 
and value of the manufactures, of the several Free and Slave 
States for the years 1820 and 1840. The returns for 1820 
were defective in some particulars, and the article of sugar is 
included among the manufactures for 1840. 



TABLE XVII. 

Population and Value of Manufactures in the Free States, for the years 
1820 and 1840. 



FKEE STATES. 


Population 
iu 1820. 


Population 
in 1840. 


Value of 
Manufactures 
for 1820. 


Value of 
Manufactures 
for 1840. 




275,202 


309,978 


$2,413,029 


$21,057,523 




55,211 


476,183 


100,983 


8,021,582 




147,178 


685,866 


397,814 


9,379,586 






43,112 




483,700 




298,335 


501,793 


486,473 


14,525,217 


Massachusetts .... 


523,287 


737,699 


2,523,614 


73,777,837 




8,896 


212,267 


100,460 


3,898,676 


New Hampshire . . . 


244,161 


284,574 


747,959 


10,523,313 




277,575 


373,306 


1,175,139 


19,571,496 




1,372,812 


2,428,921 


9,792,072 


95,840,194 


Ohio 


581,434 


1,519,467 


5,290,427 


31,458,401 




1,049,458 


1,724,033 


6,895,219 


64,494,960 




83,059 


108,830 


1,617,221 


13,807,297 




235,764 


291,948 


890,353 


6,923,982 






30,945 




1,680,808 


Total 


5,152,372 


9,698,922 


$32,430,763 


$375,444,572 



• (59) 



60 



THE NORTH AND THE SOUTH. 



TABLE XVm. 

Population and Value of Manufactures in the Slave States, for the years 
1820 and 1840. 



SLAVE STATES. 


Population 
in 1820. 


Population 
in 1840. 


. 

Talue of 
Manufactures 
for 1820. 


Talue of 
Manufac tures 
for 1840. 


Alabama 


127,901 


590,756 


$101,207 


$4,975,871 


Arkansas 


14,273 


97,574 


56,408 


2,614,889 


Delaware 


72,749 


78,085 


1,318,891 


2,709,068 






54,477 




915,080 




340,987 


691,392 


607,751 


5,324,307 




564,317 


779,828 


2,296,726 


13,221,958 




153,407 


352,411 


272,500 


11,378,383 




407,350 


470,019 


5,027,336 


13,509,636 




75,448 


375,651 


none. 


3,562,370 




66,586 


383,702 


297,443 


5,946,759 


North Carolina . . . 


638,829 


753,419 


445,398 


7,234,567 


South Carolina . . . 


502,741 


594,398 


168,666 


5,638,823 




422,813 


829,210 


2,352,127 


8,517,394 




1,065,379 


1,239,797 


6,686,699 


20,684,608 


Total 


4,452,780 


7,290,719 


$19,631,152 


$106,233,713 



Taking tables XX. and XIX. without the modifications sug- 
gested hereafter, and the relation of the North and South to 
manufactures in 1850, was as follows, viz : 





In the North. 


In the South. 




$430,240,051 


$ 95,029,879 




465,844,092 


86,190,639 


Number of hands employed, males . . . 


576,954 


140,377 


" " " females . 


203,622 


21,360 




195,976,453 


33,257,560 




842,586,058 


165,413,027 




376,741,966 


79,222,388 




42 


44 


" wages per hand, males and 






251 


206 


" product " 


1,079 


1,029 


" profit 


484 


489 



From tliis aggregate of Southern manufactures should be 



deducted the manufactures of certain counties where there is a 
large or predominating free population born out of the limits of 



A STATISTICAL VIEW. 



61 



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laJa g^^ii: 



THE NORTH AND THE SOUTH. 



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Number of 
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and Establish- 
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"S si i=i X 



A STATISTICAL VIEW. 



63 



the several States in wliich the counties are situated. The 
amount of the manufactures, and the character of the popula- 
tion, as regards birth, of the most important of these counties, 
is shown in the following table. Even this deduction leaves 
too large a balance for Southern manufactures, proper, for 
everywhere throughout the South the most thriving manufac- 
tures were founded, or are sustained, by Northern capital, skill, 
or labor. 

TABLE XXI. 

A Statement of the Number of Free Inhabitants born within and without cer- 
tain Counties of the Slave States, in which there is a large or predominating 
exotic Population, with the Amount of Capital invested in JSIanufactures, 
Number of Hands Employed, and the Annual Product thereof in 1850. 









O 








COUNTIES. 


IS situatei 


ree Pop 
on born 
f the Stat 
hich each 


0. born in 
State. 


Capital. 


Hands En 
ployed. 


Annual 
Product. 






ula- 
out 
e in 
Co. 


o 












13,801 


28,555 


$2,593,830 


3.235 


S:3,945,399 






61,472 


142:456 


9,929.332 


23.863 


24,540,014 






9,020 


8,822 


1,184,111 


2,493 


2,401,434 


Charleston, S. C 




7,844 


21,225 


1,487,800 


1,413 


2,749,961 






2.589 


7,833 


713,217 


719 


738,580 






3,252 


5.183 


775,600 


995 


1,020,651 


Mobile, Ala 




10.379 


7.865 


522,800 


540 


1,261,450 






68,525 


32,867 


2,969,660 


3,134 


4,470,454 






2;907 


908 


46:450 


131 


207,100 






7;716 


16.991 


855,015 


1,219 


1,075,287 






9,077 


7,720 


424,130 


789 


* 840,789 






30,174 


18,746 


4,115,582 


8,865 


11.002.103 






71,617 


27,394 


5,215,716 


10,239 


16,046,521 


Total 




298,373 


326,565 


830,833,143 


57,636 


S70,296,743 



This table includes the counties in which are situated the 
cities of Baltimore, "Wheeling, Louisville, St. Louis, New 
Orleans, Mobile, Charleston, and some others. It will be 
seen that, in these counties, the free population born within 
and without the limits of each State, respectively, is nearly 
equal. The manufacturing estabhshments in these counties 
are generally confined to their cities, and a table showing 
the origin of the free population of the cities only, would give 



64 



THE NORTH AND THE SOUTH. 



a large preponderance of persons born without the limits of 
their respective States. The means of constructing such a table 
are not accessible. There are, besides, other counties of 
smaller size, which should be included with those in the fore- 
going table. These are necessarily omitted. 

Deducting the aggregates of this table from the total manu- 
factures reported for the South, and there are left for the 
manufactures of the Slave States, 

Capital, $64,196,736 

Hands employed, males and females, 104,101 
Annual product, .... $95,116,284 
Annual product per head, . . . 914 
Adding the aggregates of table XXI. to those reported above 
for the manufactures of the North, and the total manufactures 
of the free population of the United States, will be : 

Capital, $461,073,194 

Hands employed, males and females, 838,212 
• Annual product, . • . " . . $912,882,801 
Annual product per head, . . 1,089 
Further amendment of these aggregates should be made by 
adding for California — in which State the marshal's returns 
for 1850 were generally defective, and for the most important 
localities lost or destroyed by fire — the following estimates, 
based on the returns of the State census for that State, taken 
in 1852, and ordered by Congress to be made a part of the 
National census, viz : 

Capital, $5,942,526 

Annual product, .... 30,000,000 
The true total, then, of the manufactures of the free popula- 
tion of the United States for 1850 will be : 

Capital invested, .... $467,015,720 
Hands employed, males and females, 838,212 
Annual product, .... $942,882,801 
Thus, then, in seven times the capital invested, m eight 



A STATISTICAL VIEW. 



65 



times the number of hands employed, in ten times the annual 
product, is the triumph of freedom over slavery seen in the 
department of manufactures. And this, after allowing to 
slavery milHons of the capital of the North, thousands of its 
intelhgent mechanics and operatives, and hundreds of its in- 
ventions and improvements, scattered throughout the South, 
wherever machinery is in motion, or labor skillfully apphed to 
it. And this stagnation and sleep of slavery beneath the 
thundering of its thousands of waterfalls, and beside its mil- 
lions of cotton bales. 

Well did Governor Wise say to the Virginians : " You have 
the line of the AUeghanies, that beautiful ridge which stands 
placed there by the Almighty, not to obstruct the way of people 
to market, but placed there in the very bounty of Providence, 
to milk the clouds, to make the * sweet springs which are the 
sources of your rivers. And at the head of every stream is 
the waterfall, murmuring the very music of your power. And 
yet commerce has long ago spread her sails and sailed away 
from you ; you have not as yet dug more than coal enough to 
warm yourselves at your own hearths ; you have no tilt-ham- 
mer of Vulcan, to strike blows worthy of gods in the iron 
foundries. You have not yet spun more than coarse cotton 
enough to clothe your own slaves. You have had no com- 
merce, no mining, no manufactures." (Speech at Alexandi-ia, 
1855.) 

Table XXII. contains a list of those counties in the Free 
and Slave States which had, in 1850, the greatest relative 
amount of manufactures. The areas given are from Baldwin 
and Thomas' Gazetteer of 1854; the value of the land is 
ascertained by dividing the value given in the Census Com- 
pendium by the whole area. The Southern counties taken 
are such as have no large admixture of exotic population. In 
these counties are included the important cities of Wilmington, 
N. C, Lynchburg, Va., and Clarksville, Teim. 
6* 



66 



THE NORTH AND THE SOUTH. 



TABLE XXn. 



Counties in the Free and Slave States ivJiich had, in 1850, the greatest rela- 
tive Amount of Manufactures. 



Counties in Pree 
States. 


Area in 
Square 
Sliles. 


Popula- 
tion. 


Value of 
Farms. 


Annual 
Product of 
Manufac- 
tories. 


Value of 
Land per 
Acre. 


Average 
Product of 
Manufac- 
tures per 
head of 
whole pop- 
ulation. 


Bristol, Mass. . . . 

Middlesex, Mass. 

Norfolk, Mass 

Kent, n. I 

Hartford, Conn. . 
N. HcLvgHj Conn. • 

Essex, N. J 

Passaic, N. J.. . . , 


517 

500 
830 
520 
180 
807 
620 
450 
270 


76.192 

13i;300 
161.383 
78,892 
15.068 
69.967 
65.588 
73,950 
^2,569 


$7,101,582 
9.582.992 
19,417,796 
13,748.505 
1.951.111 
14.004.683 
10,413,662 
7.219.566 
3;302,05l 


$12,595,695 
22.906.805 
26.548.932 
13.323.595 

2,620,788 
10,888,780 
11.283.816 
16,293,198 

4.213,699 


$21.46 
29.95 
36.55 
41.31 
17.80 
27.12 
26 24 
25^07 
19:11 


$165 
174 
164 
169 
174 
156 
172 
220 
187 


Total 


4.684 1 694,909 


$86,741,948! $120,675,308 


$28.94 


$174 




Counties in 
Slaves States. 


576 
1,000 
550 


23,245 
17,668 
21,045 


$2,452,604 
1.035.874 
1,359,836 


$1,839,307 
1.409.568 
1,376,300 


$6.65 
1.62 
3.86 


$79 
80 
65 


Campbell, Va. . . 
N. HanoTer, N.C. 
M-tgomery, Ten. 




2.126 


61,958 1 $4,848,314 


$4,625,175} $3.56 1 $74 





Tables XXIH. and XXIV. show the value of the manufac- 
tures of cotton, wool, iron, the fisheries, and salt, in 1850. It 
is to be regretted that the returns of the details of the other 
branches of manufactures have not yet been published by 
Congress. These tables will repay a careful examination. 

Table XXV. gives the value of the domestic manufactures 
in the several Free and Slave States, for the year ending June, 
1850; and gives also the annual increase of slaves in the 
several Slave States, with their value at $400 per head. It 
is to be understood that a larger proportion of slaves is bom 
in the slave-raising States, and a smaller in the slave-con- 
suming States, than is shown by the tables. As to this 
product of Southern labor, or skill, or necessity — the annual 
slave product — it may be classed indifferently under the 
head of agriculture, manufactures, or commerce. As live 



A STATISTICAL VIEW. 67 



Is 



leg 



Wages per month in 
Manufactures of Iron 
Casting. — Males. 



Wages per month, in 
3Ianufactures of 
Tig Ii'on. — Males. 



|i5|i 



Females. 



Males. 



Males. 



+2 W 0? 



i2 w 



!^ '-I fed 



h2 ^ ^ 



III 



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A STATISTICAL VIEW. 



69 



TABLE XXV. 

A Statement of the Value of the Domestic Manifactures of the several Free 
and Slave States for the years 1850; ivith the average Annual Increase, 
and Value at $400 per head, of Slaves, for the ten years ending June, 1850. 



FREE 
STATES. 


Value of Do- 
mestic Man- 
ufactures for 
1850. 


SLAVE 
STATES. 


Value of Do- 
mestic Man- 
ufactures for 
1850. 


Annual In- 
crease of 
Slaves from 
1840 to 1850. 


Value at 

$400 
per head. 


CoQiiec ticut) 

Massachusetts. 

Michigan 

N. Hampshire. 
New Jersey . . . 

Ohio 

Pennsylvania . 
Rhode Island. . 

Vermont 

Wisconsin .... 


SpT.OOO 
192 252 
1,155^902 
1,631,039 
221,292 
513,599 
205,333 
340,947 
393.455 
112,781 
1.280,333 
1,712,196 
749,132 
26,495 
267,710 
43,624 


Mississippi .... 

North Carolina 
South Carolina 


$1,9.34,120 
Q.R8 217 
38,121 
75,582 
1,838,968 
2,459,128 
139,232 
111,828 
1,164,020 
1,674,705 
2.086,522 
'909,525 
3,137,790 
266,984 
2,156,312 


8,931 
2 717 
' 31 
1,359 

10,074 
2,872 
7,636 
63 

11,467 
2,918 
4,273 
5,795 
5,640 
5,816 
2,344 


$3,572,400 
1 08fi 800 
12,400 

543,600 
4,029,600 
1,148,800 
3,054,400 
25,200 
4,586,800 
1,167,200 
1,709,200 
2,318,000 
2,256,000 
2,326,400 

937,600 










Total 


$8,853,090 


Total 


$18,631,054 


71,936 


$28,774,400 



stock raised and fattened for market, it would seem to be- 
long legitimately to the department of agriculture ; as an article 
of trade, to commerce ; but a better arrangement is to class it 
with domestic manufactures, that class of manufactures in 
which it will be seen that the South is ahead. In this work, 
then, the slave product is classed with domestic manufactures, 
and its value — no estimate having been made by De Bow — 
computed from the -best authorities, will be included in the 
aggregates for that branch of manufactures. The number of 
slaves annually manufactured by the Northern Slave States 
for the Southern markets is given elsewhere as 25,000 ; their 
value at $400 per head is $10,000,000. This is a small estimate 
both as to number and value. As to the capital invested, the 
value of the raw material used, the number of hands employed, 
and the annual wages paid in this species of manufacture, the 
census tables give no information. 



CHAPTER VI. 



COMMEKCE. 

It is difficult to apportion the results of commence to the 
several States. The statistics of the great branch of domestic 
or internal commerce are very incomplete ; the returns of the 
minor branch of foreign or external commerce are more full. 
De Bow suggests that " half the agricultural products and all 
of the manufacturing are subjects of commerce, and that the 
whole commercial movement may be estimated at between 
$1,500,000,000 and $2,000,000,000 " annuaUy. Adoptmg this 
suggestion, the value of the products which enter into the com- 
merce of the two sections, for 1850, would be as follows, viz : 
Free States, .... $1,377,199,968 
Slave States, .... 410,754,992 

Total, $1,787,954,960 

No enumeration, by States, of the persons engaged in com- 
merce, trade, and navigation, is given in the Compendium of the 
Census of 1850. In 1840, however, such enumeration was 
made, and is found in the pubhshed census retui-ns for that 
year. The number of persons engaged in commerce, navigat- 
ing the ocean, and in internal navigation, was in 1840 as fol- 
lows, viz : 

Free States, 136,856 

Slave States, 52,622 



Total, 



189,478 
(70) 



A STATISTICAL VIEW. 



71 



This would give, in 1850, as tlie number of persons engaged 
in commerce and navigation, — 

Free States, 188,271 

Slave States, 70,165 

Total, . . . . . . 258,436 

Domestic commerce is carried on by the enrolled and 
licensed tonnage (with the participation, in a small propor- 
tion, of the registered), by railroads, canals, and public roads. 
Of enrolled and licensed tonnage, there were in 1850, in the 

Free States* 1,459,232 tons. 

Slave States, 475,405 " 

Total, 1,934,637 " 

Of railroads in operation in 1854, there were, miles, in the 

Free States, 13,105 

Slave States, 4,212 

Total, 17,317 

Of canals, there were in 1854, miles, in the 

Free States, 3,682 

Slave StateSj-'^ 1,116 

Total, . .... . . . 4,798 

There are no statistics of the miles of public roads in the 
two sections, or of the merchandise and produce transported 
over them. 

We may be aided in forming an estimate of the amount of 
our domestic commerce, by the following tabular statements, 
from Andrews' report : 



72 



THE KOKTH AND THE SOUTH. 



TABLE XXVI. 

LaJce and River Commerce. 



1851. 


Net. 


Gross. 


Tons. 


Value. 


Tons. 


Talue. 




1,985.563 


S157.236.729 


3.971,126 


$314,473,458 




2,033,400 


169,751,372 


4,066,800 


339,502,744 








4,018,963 


$326,988,101 


8,037,926 


S653,976,202 





Coasting Trade, Canal and Railway C9himerce. 



Estimate of 1852. 


Net. 


Gross. 


Tons. 


Value. 


Tons. 


Value. 


Canal Commerce 


20.397,490 
9.000,000 
5,407,500 


$1,659,519,686 
'594.000.000 
540,750,000 


40.794.9S0 
18.000.000 
10,815,000 


§3.319.039,372 

i.i88.ooo;ooo 

1.081,500,000 




34,804,990 


$2,794,269,686 


69,609,980 


$5,588,539,372 



It is estimated by Andrews that tlie number of tons of ship- 
ping engaged ia the coasting trade is 2,039,749. 

This is the amount of the " enrolled and Hcensed tonnage." 
In addition, considerable " registered tonnage " frequently en- 
ters the coasting trade between the Atlantic ports and those on 
the Gulf and the Pacific. 

The "hcensed tonnage" engaged in the lake commerce is 
215,975 tons. The tonnapje eno^ao^ed in the river commerce is 
169,450 tons. The foregoing figures are for the years 1851 
and 1852. 

In a late report of the Committee on Commerce, it is stated 
that, " The lake tonnage for 1855 was 345,000 tons, wliich, 
valued at $45 per ton, is $14,838,000. The present value of 
lake commerce (exclusive of the ports of Presque Isle and 
Mackinac, not reported) is $608,310,320." 



A STATISTICAL VIEW. 



73 



Our foreign commerce is carried on by the registered tonnage 
of the United States, and by the tomiage of other nations. 
The foreign tonnage which entered the ports of the United 
States, in 1851, was 1,939,091 tons*; the American tonnage, 
3,054,349 tons. De Bow says, of 1851, that the value of 
merchandise imported in "foreign vessels was $52,563,083; 
in American vessels $168,216,272." By this, it will be seen 
that something more than three-fourths of the value of our 
foreign commerce is carried on in American vessels. The 
registered tonnage of the two sections, in 1850 was, in the 

Free States, 1,330,963 tons. 

Slave States, . . • . . . 250,880 " 

Total, 1,581,843 " 

"We may now approxunate the truth in regard to the com- 
merce of the two sections of our country in three ways. 

First. Taking the value of the products which enter into 
commerce, we find the North has $1,377,199,968; the South 
$410,754,992, giving the North more than three to one. 

Second. Taking the number of persons engaged in trade, 
and the North has 188,271 persons, the South 70,165 persons, 
giving the North nearly three to one, and this on the supposi- 
tion that the average amount of business done by merchants in 
the South is as great as in the North. 

Third. Takmg the tonnage, miles of railroads, and canals : 
the North had, in 1850, 2,790,195 tons of registered, enrolled 
and licensed tonnage, the South 726,285 tons. (The amount 
of tonnage in 1855 was, in the North 4,252,615 tons, in the 
South 855,517 tons.) The North had in 1854, 13,105 miles 
of railroad in operation, the South 4,212 miles. The North 
had in the same year 3,682 miles of canals, the South 1,1 IG 
miles. This gives a ratio of somethmg more than three to one 
in favor of the North. It may, we think, be faii'ly assumed 
that the amount of commerce and its profits in the two sections 
are quite four times as much in the North as in the South. 
7 



74 



THE NOETH AND THE SOUTH. 



"We have thus shown, from such data as could be obtained, the 

relative proportion of the domestic and foreign commerce of the 

Free and Slave States. Adopting the suggestion of De Bow 

(as to the value of the " commercial movement"), the domestic 

commerce of the United States, in 1850, was six times that of 

the foreign. The figures are as follows : 

. Value of manufactures and half of agricultua' 
products, 

Value of imports. 

Total, 

Total value of imports and exports. 

Adopting the estimates of Andrews (Report 
on Lake Commerce), the domestic com- 
merce of the United States, in 1851-2, was 
nearly eight times the fore'ign. The figures 
are as follows, viz : 

Value of lake and river commerce, 

Value of coasting trade, railway and canal 
commerce, . . . . . • . 

Value of imports, 1851, . . . ' . 



$1,787,954,960 
178,078,499 
1,966,033,459 
329,896,631 



$326,988,101 

2,794,269,686 
216,224,932 



Total, 3,337,482,719 

Total value of imports and exports, 1851, . 434,612,943 

It is, perhaps, not far from right to call the domestic com- 
merce of this country seven times the foreign. 

Tables XXVII. and XXVUI. give the value of the exports 
and imports of the several Free and Slave States for 1850 and 
1855 ; and the amount and value of tonnage owned and built in 
the same years. The tables are compiled from the annual 
report on commerce and navigation. The statistics of exports 
and imports show the foreign commerce of the several States. 
The aggregates for the two years given are — 

Free States, $631,396,034 

31ave States, . . . . . 234,936,306 



Total, $866,332,340 

being nearly three times as much in the North as in -the South. 



A STATISTICAL VIEW. 75 



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A STATISTICAL VIEW. 



77 



The toimage of the two sections iii 1855 was as follows, viz . 

Free States, 4,252,615 tons. 

Slave States, 855,517 " 

Total, 5,108,132 " 

being five times as much in the North as in the South. 

The foreign commerce of ISTew York alone, for 1855, was as 
follows, viz : 

Exports, $113,731,238 

Imports, 164,776,511 

Total, . . . . . $278,507,749 

The foreign commerce of the Slave States for 1855 was as 
follows, viz : 

Exports, $107,480,688 

Imports, 24,586,528 

Total, . ... . . $132,067,216 

This statement shows that the foreign commerce of New 
York, in 1855, was more than tvn.ce that of aU the Slave 
States. 

The tonnage of New York in 1855 was 1,404,221 tons. 
The tonnage of the Slave States for the 

same year, 855,517 " 

Or a Httle more than half that of the 

State of New York. 

The foreign commerce of Massachusetts and South Carolina, 
for 1855, was as follows, viz : 

MASSACHUSETTS. 

Exports, $28,190,925 

Imports, 45,113,774 

Total, $73,304,699 

7* 



78 



THE NORTH AND THE SOUTH. 



SOUTH CAROLINA. 

Exports, . . . . ' . . ^12,700,250 
Imports, 1,588,542 

Total, . . . . . . $14,288,792 

The tonnage of Massachusetts, in 1855, 

was 970,727 tons. 

The tonnage of South Carohna for the 

same year was .... G0,935 " 
The tonnage built in Massachusetts, in 1855, was 79,670 
tons, valued at $3,983,500 ; the tonnage built in South Carol 
lina in the same year, was 61 tons, valued at $3,050. 

It will be observed by Tables XXVII. and XXVIII. that the 
large States of Indiana, Tennessee, Kentucky, and Missouri 
have no foreign commerce, and that the States of New Hamp- 
shire, New Jersey, Mississippi, and Delaware have very little. 
Tlie tonnage built in 1855 was as follows, viz : 

Free States, 528,844 tons. 

Slave States, . . ... 52,959 " 



Total, 581,803 « 

The North, therefore, builds of tonnage ten times as much 
as the South. 'In 1855, the tonnage built in the State of 
Maine was more than four times that built in the South ; 
Maine having built 215,905 tons, the Slave States 52,959 tons. 
Of the tonnage built in the South, more than four-fifths of it is 
built in ports where there is a large or predominating free 
population, born out of the limits of the States in which such 
ports are respectively situated, as in Baltimore, St. Louis, 
Louisville, Wheeling, etc. Making a proper deduction for 
this, and the amount of shipping annually built by the Slave 
States will not exceed 10,000 tons. Even this small amount is 
not the work of slaveholders, or slaves, or of the poor whites 
of the South, but of northern and foreign-born mechanics and 
ship carpenters. In case of a dissolution of the Union, and 



A STATISTICAL VIEW. 



79 



hostilities between the North and South, the highest naval 
science would need to be called into requisition by the South, 
80 to station this naval armament of sloops, schooners, and 
steamboats as to command her seven thousand nules of ex- 
posed sea and gulf-coast. 

"We close what we have to say on commerce, with the fol- 
lo^ving extract from a letter of IMr. London, of Richmond, Va., 
to. the Eichmond Enquirer, and pubhshed in that paper early 
in 1854, just before the sitting of a Southern commercial con- 
vention at Charleston, S. C. He had been aUuding to the 
sittings of other Southern commercial conventions at Memphis 
and elsewhere : 

" We have, since that time, appropriated milhons of dollars 
to works of internal improvement ; some of us have embarked 
more largely in foreign trade ; but thei-e are not half a dozen 
vessels engaged in our oivn trade that are owned in Virgijiia, 
and I have heen unable to find a vessel at Liverpool loading for 
Virginia, within three years, during the height of our husy sea- 
son. Every foot of raih'oad and every yard of canal con- 
structed in the Southern States is only so much added to the area 
of the influence of New Yorlz, and hut hinds you that much more 
securely to her honds. Instead of these immense improvements 
resulting in an enlargement of your foreign commerce, it is hut a 
contribution to your coasting trade, and results in estabhshing 
the calculation as to how long it wiU take your shopkeepers to 
get the productions and importations of Neiv York into your 
villages ; all else but this is not considered. As to any one of 
your improvements contributing to forward your own importa- 
tions, that is not thought of at all by your interior shopkeepers ; 
for, throughout the South, all merchants have disappeared, 
entirely and completely. 



CHAPTER Vir. 



VALUE OP HEAL AND PERSONAL ESTATE. 

Tables XXIX. and XXX. give the value of the real and 
personal estate of the several States in 1850, according to the 
published census returns; the true value of the same as 
estimated by the superintendent of the census ; the value of 
the slaves in the Slave States at $400 per head ; and the value 
of the real and personal estate in 1856, as given by the Secre- 
tary of the Treasury in a communication to Congress at its late 
session. The estimate of $400 per head for slaves is, perhaps, 
too low. With a single apparent exception, the value of slaves 
is included by the compiler of the census returns in the value 
of personal estate. The exception is the State of Louisiana, 
in which State the value of the slaves is included in the value 
of real estate. With reference to the estimates of ]Mr. Secre- 
tary Guthrie, for Texas, it is hardly probable that its taxable 
property has gone up, in five years, from $55,362,340 to 
$240,000,000, an increase of about $200,000,000; while lowa^ 
which has increased in population since 1850 faster than 
any other State, is allowed an increase in taxable property 
of only $86,285,362, and Wisconsin of only $45,443,405. 
The valuation of Georgia is given by the secretary, not 
from the State valuation, but from an estimate of the gov- 
ernor of that State. The estimate for California is evidently 
too low, and is not according to any State valuation. In the 
case of Indiana, whose auditor, as quoted by Mr. Guthrie, says 
that a valuation at that time (November 24, 1855) would 
make the total taxables $380,000,000, the secretary, in 1856, 
gives the sum of $301,858,474, instead of the auditor s estimate, 

(80) 



A STATISTICAL VIEW. 



81 



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J i;c t- o oiM o 




A STATISTICAL VIEW. 83 

and this ^ after having added to the valuation of Georgia 
$165,000,000, on the bare conjecture of her governor. 

The following recent State valuations will further illustrate 
the estimates of the Secretary of the Treasury : 

$121,417,428 

337,038,526 
150,022,312 
487,060,838 
770,234,189 
143,990,252 
1,401,285,279 
517,889,201 
202,739,431 
120,362,474 
290,408,148 
191,888,088 
82,613,530 
219,011,048 
405,830,168 

It will be seen by tables XXIX. and XXX. that the value 
of real<^and personal estate in 1850 was as foUows, viz : 
Free States, .... $4,102,162,192 

Slave States, 2,936,090,737 

Deduct value of slaves, . . 1,280,145,600 
True value in Slave States, . . 1,655,945,137 
The total value of real and personal estate in 1856 is as fol- 
lows, viz : 

Free States, .... $5,770,194,680 
Slave States, .... 3,977,353,946 
Deduct value of slaves in 1856, . 1,472,167,600 
True value in Slave States in 1856, 2,505,186,346 
The whole area of the Free States (Tables 1. and IX.) is 392,- 
962,080 acres; the valuation of real and personal property in 
1850,$4,107,162,198,or$10.47 per acre. Thewhole area (Table 



Valuation of New Hampshire, 1856, 

" " New York, 1855, as follows, viz: 

New York city and county real estate, 

" " " personal estate, . 

" " " aggregate, . 

Remainder of State real estate, 

" " personal estate. 

Total valuation of the State of New York, . 

Valuation of New York city, 1856, 
« " Connecticut, 1854, 
" « Michigan, 1853, 
« " Indiana, 1854, 
" " Maryland, including slaves, 1851. 
" « South Carolina, " " 1854, 
« « Tennessee, « " 1855, 
" " Kentucky, " " 1854, 



84 



THE NORTH AND THE SOUTH. 



X.) of the Slave States is five hundred and forty-four million, 
nine hundred and twenty-six thousand, seven hunted and 
twenty (544,926,720) acres; the valuation of real and personal 
estate in 1850, one billion, six hundred and fifty-five milHon, 
nine hundred and forty-five thousand, one hundred and thirty- 
seven ($1,655,945,137), or three dollars and four cents ($3.04) 
per acre. The valuation of the Free States in 1856 was five 
billion, seven hundred and seventy milhon, one hundred and 
ninety-four thousand, six hundred and eighty ($5,770,194,680), 
or fourteen dollars and seventy-two cents ($14.72) per acre ; 
the valuation of the Slave States in 1856 was two bilhon, five 
hundred and five milhon, one hundred and eighty-six thousand, 
three hundred and forty-six ($2,505,186,346), or four dollars 
and fifty-nine cents ($4.59) per acre. Thus, in five years the 
value of property in the Free States advanced from ten dollars 
and forty-seven cents ($10.47) per acre to fourteen dollars 
and seventy-two cents ($14i72), or four dollars and twenty- 
five cents ($4.25), being more than the whole valuation of the 
Slave States in 1850. The value of property in the South 
advanced ,m the same time from three dollars and four cents 
($3.04) to four dollars and fifty-nine cents ($4.59) per acre. 

The value of the slaves in the Slave States, in 1850, at four 
hundred dollars ($400) each, was one biUion two hundred and 
eighty million, one hundred and forty-five thousand, six hun- 
dred dollars ($1,280,145,600). The value of the farms in the 
Slave States in the same year (Table X.) was one billion, one 
hundred and seventeen miUion, six hundred and forty-nine 
thousand, six hundred and forty-nine doUars ($1,117,649,649). 
Excess of value of slaves, one hundred and sixty-two million, 
four hundred and ninety-five thousand, nine hundred and fifty- 
one dollars ($162,495,951). Thus, the value of the slaves in 
1850 was one hundred and sixty-two million, four hundred and 
ninety five thousand, nine hundred and fifty-one dollars ($162,- 
495,951) more than the value of all the improved and unim- 
proved lands in the South. The number of slaveholders in 



A STATISTICAL VIEW. 



S5 



the Slave States is three hundred and forty-six thousand and 
forty-eight (346,048). If we estimate their value at four 
hundred dollars ($400) per head, and add it to the value of 
the farms, it will make the value of the slaveholders and farms 
neai'ly equal to that of the slaves. The figures are : Value of 
farms, one billion, one hundred and seventeen million, six 
hundred and forty-nine thousand, six hundred and forty-nine 
($1,117,649,649) ; value of three hundred and forty-six thouand 
and forty-eight (346,048) slaveholders, at four hundred dollars 
»'$400) each, one hundi-ed and thirty-eight million, one hundi-ed 
and ninety-two thousand, two hundred dollars ($138,192,200), 
being a total of one billion, two hundred and fifty-six million, 
sixty-eight thousand, eight hundred and forty-nine dollars ($1,- 
256,068,849) ; value of slaves as above, one biUion, two hun- 
dred and eighty million, one hundred and forty-five thousand, 
six hundred dollars ($1,280,145,600). Thus has the industry 
and pohtical and domestic economy of the slaveholders, in two 
hundred and thirty years, been able to bring the value of their 
lands and themselves nearly up to the market value of their 
slaves ; and aU three together, lands, slaves, and slaveholders, 
to nearly half the value of the property of the Free States. 

The valuation of the State of New York in 1855 was 
one billion, four hundred and one million, two hundred and 
eighty-five thousand, two hundred and seventy-nine dollars ($1,- 
401,285,279), being more than the whole value of the real estate 
of the Slave States in 1850, which, after deducting from the 
aggregate the value of the slaves in Louisiana, was one billion, 
three hundi-ed and thirty-two million, six hundred and sixty- 
five thousand, four hundred and sixteen dollars ($1,332,665,- 
416). The value of the real and personal estate of Massachu- 
setts in 1850^ was more (slaves excepted) than that of the 
States of Virginia, North and South Carolina, Georgia, Florida, 
and Texas ; the valuation of Massachusetts being five hundred 
and seventy-three million, three hundred and forty-two thou- 
sand, two hundred and eighty-six dollars ($573,342,286) ; that 

8 



8G 



THE NORTH AND THE SOUTH. 



of the six States mentioned being five hundred and seventy- 
three million, thi'ee hmidred and thii'tj-two thousand, eight 
hundi-ed and sixty dollars ($573,332,860.) In this calculation, 
South Carolina is reckoned at its State valuation of 1854. 
The whole area of Massachusetts is (Table IX.) four million, 
nine hundred and ninety-two thousand (4,992,000) acres ; 
value of its whole property per acre, one hundred and fourteen 
dollars and eighty-five cents ($114.85.) The whole area of 
the six States above mentioned is (Table X.) three hundred 
and seventeen million, five hundred and seventy-six thousand, 
three hundred and twenty (317,576,320) acres; value of their 
whole property, except slaves, five hundred and seventy-three 
million, three hundred and thirty-two thousand, eight hundred 
and sixty dollars ($573,332,860), or one dollar and eighty-one 
cents ($1.81) per acre. Thus, Massachusetts is able to buy 
and pay for considerably more than half the great empire of 
slavery, and have more money left than the Pilgrims landed 
with at Plymouth ; while Pennsylvania could easily buy out 
the other half. 

Table XXXI. shows the number of miles of canals and 
railroads in operation in 1854, (with the cost of construction 
of such railroads), the number of miles of raih'oads in opera- 
tion in January, 1855, and the amount of bank capital near 
January, 1855, in the several Free and Slave States. The 
first three columns of the tables are from the Census Compen- 
dium, the last two from the American Almanac for 1856. 

Table XXXII. gives the total debt, amount of productive 
property, and the annual expenditure of the several Free and 
Slave States. The figures are from the American Almanac for 
1856. 



A STATISTICAL VIEW. 



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I -i o ^ ^ 



CHAPTER VIII. 



EDUCATION. 1. COLLEGES. 

The first college establislied in the Free States was Har- 
vard* University, founded in 1636; wliicli was sixteen years 
after the landing of the Pilgrims at Plymouth. The first col- 
lege in the Slave States was that of "William and Mary, in Vir- 
ginia, founded m l 692, or eighty-four years after the settlement 
of Jamestown. The number of students in the former is now 
365 ; in the latter, 82. The number of alumni of the former, 
6,700 ; of the latter, 3,000. The number of volumes in the 
library of the former is 101,250 ; of the latter 5,000. 

It wiU be seen by Tables XXXIII and XXXIV, taken from 
the American Almanac for 1856, and showing the present con- 
dition of the colleges in the two great sections, that the number 
of colleges is nearly the same in each. , The comparative char- 
acter and efficiency of these institutions, may be, in some mea- 
sure learned from the following facts. The number of vol- 
umes in the libraries of the Southern colleges is 308,011 ; in 
those of the northern, 667,297 ; over two to one. The num- 
ber graduated at the South is 19,648 ; at the North 47,752 ; 
about two and one-half to one. The number of Ministers edu- 
cated in the Southern colleges is 747, and in the Northern, 
10,702 ; a ratio of fourteen to one. 

It would indeed be interesting, were it possible, to compare 
these institutions in respect to value of buildings, apparatus, 
cabinets, &c. ; but the statistics of these cannot be readily ob- 
tained. Still more difficult would it be to compare statistically 
the ability of professors and the standard of scholarship. 



8* 



(89) 



90 



THE NORTH AND THE SOUTH. 



TABLE XXXIII. 



Colleges in the Slave States. 



SLAVE STATES. 


No. of 
Col- 
leges. 


No. of 
In- 
structors. 


No. of 
Alumni. 


No. of 
Min- 
isters. 


Students. 


Volumes 
in 

Libraries. 




2 


18 


83 


42 


137 


11 500 




5 


69 


607 


13 


399 


33*292 




10 


72 


9,528 


146 


1,174 


65,875 


North Carolina . . . 


3 


24 


1,406 


123 


469 


23,700 




o 
£t 


1 /I 












5 


34 


1,359 


133 


643 


25,700 




4 


40 


676 


28 


333 


23,200 




4 


16 


252 


16 


315 


10,700 




4 


26 


94 


10 


157 


9,000 




8 


39 


838 


74 


570. 


29,744 




7 


54 


1,342 


130 ' 


700* 


27,900 




5 


44 


339 


29 


568 


23,600 




59 


450 


19,648 


747 


5,655 


308,011 



TAELE XXXIV. 



Colleges in the Free States. 



FREE STATES. 

• 


No. of 
Col- 
leges. 


No. of 
In- 
structors. 


No. of 
Alumni. 


No. of 
Ministers. 


Students. 


Volumes 
in 

Libraries. 




2 


15 


1,418 


303 


274 


43,150 


New Hampshire . . 


1 


12 


4,187 


883 


258 


31,900 




3 


16 


1,536 


527 


228 


21,650 


Massachusetts . . . 


4 


47 


9,404 


2,612 


807 


122,750 


Ehode Island 


1 


10 


1,860 


500 


225 


34,000 




3 


43 


7,407 


1,956 


669 


91,000 




8 


84 


6,888 


1,461 


1,080 


80,516 




3 


54 


3,855 


837 


449 


28,000 


Pennsylvania 


9 


66 


i 8,298 


741 


959 


71,180 


Ohio 


12 


88 


1,958 


644 


1,191 


92,191 




4 


27 


546 


158 


300 


19,600 




4 


30 


257 


79 


245 


15,860 




2 


14 


130 




180 


13,000 




5 


11 


8 


1 


SO 


2,500 


Total 


61 


517 


47,752 


10,702 


6,895 


667,297 



A STATISTICAL VIEW. 



91 



II. — PROFESSIONAL SCHOOLS. 

The condition of the Professional Schools is sho\\Ti by the 
following Table, taken from the same authority as the above. 
From this it appears that at the South a larger proportion of 
professional students are in the Law Schools than at the North. 
Next in order in this respect is Medicine, and last, Theology. 
Indeed, the Census Tables do not show where the great body 
of the Southern clergy are educated, since but 747 are re- 
turned from the colleges, and only 808 from the Theological 
Schools. 

It will be noticed that the number of Professional Schools 
in the Slave States is 32, and in the Free States 65, or two 
to one. The ratio of Professors is a little larger. The num- 
ber of Students in the former is 1,807, and in the latter 4,426. 
The number of volumes in the libraries of the former is 
30,796, and in those of the latter, 175,951 ; more than five to 
one. The number gi'aduated at the former, 3,812, and at the 
latter, 23,513 ; over six to one. 

TAELE XXXV. 

Shoicing the Condition of the Professional Schools in the North and the South, 
from the American Almanac for 1856. 

SLAVE STATES. 



Professional Schools. 


Number 

of 
Schools. 


Number 
of Pro- 
fessors. 


Number 
of students, 
1854-5. 


Number 
Educated. 


Number 
of Vols, in 
Libraries. 




9 
13 
10 


19 
75 
28 


231 
1,307 
269 








3,004 
808 






30,796 


Total 


32 


122 


1,807 


3,812 


30,796 



92 THE NORTH AND THE SOUTH. 



FREE STATES. 



Professional Schools. 


Number 

of 
Schools. 


Number 
of Pro- 
fessors. 


Number 
of Students, 
1854-5. 


Number 
Educated. 


Number 
of Vols, in 
Libraries. 




9 
22 
34 


19 
152 
98 


240 
3,095 
1,091 








15,950 
7,563 






175,951 


Total . . . . : 


65 


269 


4,426 


23,513 


175,951 



III. ACADEMIES, PRIVATE AND PUBLIC SCHOOLS. 

In all the New England colonies, a law was passed in 1647, 
" That every township, after the Lord hath increased them to the 
number of fifty householders, shall appoint one to teach all 
children to write and read ; and when any town shall increase 
to the number of one hundred families, they shall set up a 
grammar school ; the masters thereof being able to instruct 
youth so far as they may be fitted for the university." See 
Colonial Laws. 

Again, in Connecticut we find the following : " Forasmuch 
as the good Education of Children is of singular behoofe and 
benefit to any Commonwealth, and whereas, many parents and 
masters are too indulgent and negligent of theire duty in that 
kinde : — 

" It is therefore ordered by this Courte and Authority thereof 
that the Selectmen of every Town, in the Several precincts 
and quarters where they dwell, shall have a vigilant eye over 
theire brethren and neighbours to see first that none of them 
shall suffer so much Barbarism in any of theire families as not 
to endeavour to teach by themselves or others theire Children 
and apprentices so much Learning as may enable them per- 
fectly to read the Inglish tounge, and knowledge of the Capi- 
tall Laws, upon penalty of twenty shilHngs for each neglect 
therein." See " Code of Laws established by the 'General 



A- STATISTICAL VIEW. 



93 



Court of Conn., May, 1650," as recofded in Vol. II. of the 
Colonial Records of Conn. 

In the year 1671, or twenty-four years after the establish- 
ment of public schools by law in the Plymouth Colonies, and 
over thirty years after Harvard college was founded, and a 
printing press set up in Cambridge, Gov. Berkley, at that time 
Governor of Virginia, said of that State : " I thank God there 
are no free schools nor printing, and I hope we shall not have 
these hundred years, for learning has brought disobedience and 
heresy and sects into the world, and printing has divulged 
them, and libels against the best government ; God keep us 
from both." 

The following Tables Nos. XXXVI., XXXVII., XXXVIII., 
and XXXIX., show the condition of the Academies, Private and 
Public Schools in 1850, as given in the Census Compendium : 



TABLE XXXVI. 

Academies and Private Schools in the Slave States. 



SLAVE STATES. 


Number. 


Teachers. 


Pupils. 


Annual 
Income. 


Scholars in 
Colleges, 
Academies 
and Public 
Schools. 




166 


380 


8,290 


$164,165 


37,237 




90 


126 


2,407 


27,937 


11,050 




65 


94 


2,011 


47,832 


11,125 




34 


49 


1,251 


13,089 


3,129 




219 


318 


9,059 


108,983 


43,299 




330 


600 


12,712 


252,617 


85,914 




143 


354 


3,328 


193,077 


31,003 




223 


503 


10,787 


232,341 


45,025 




171 


297 


6,628 


73,717 


26,236 




204 


368 


8,829 


143,171 


61,592 




272 


403 


7,822 


187,648 


112,430 




202 


333 


7,467 


205,489 


26,035 




264 


404 


9,928 


155,902 


115,750 




97 


137 


3,389 


39,384 


11, .500 




317 


547 


9,068 


234,372 


77,774 


Total 


2,797 


4,913 


104,976 


$2,079,724 


699,079 



94 



THE NORTHLAND THE SOUTH. 



TABLE XXXVII. 

Academies and Private Schools in the Free States. 



FREE STATES. 


Number. 


Teachers. 


Pupils. 


Annual 
Income. 


Scholars in 
Colleges, 
Academies 
and Public 
Sctiools. 




6 


5 


170 


$14 270 


219 


Connecticut 


202 


329 


6,996 


145,967 


79,003 


Illinois 


83 


160 


4,244 


40,488 


130,411 


Indicinap 


131 


233 


6,185 


63 520 


168,754 


Iowa 


33 


46 


1,111 


7,980 


30^767 


Maine ... 


131 


232 


6,648 


51,187 


199,745 


IMassaclnisetts 


403 


521 


13 436 


310 177 


190 924 




37 


71 


1^619 


24^947 


112^382 




107 


183 


5,321 


43,202 


81,237 




225 


453 


9,844 


227,588 


88,244 




887 


3,136 


49,328 


810,332 


727,222 


Ohio 


206 


474 


15,052 


149,392 


502,826 




524 


914 


23,751 


467,843 


440,977 




46 


75 


1,601 


32,748 


25,014 




118 


257 


6,864 


48,935 


100,785 




58 


86 


2,723 


18,796 


61,615 


Total 


3,19^7 


7,175 


154,893 


$2,457,372 


2,940,125 



TABLE XXXVni. 

Public Schools of the Slave States. 



SLAVE STATES. 


Number. 


Teachers. 


Pupils. 


Annual In- 
come of Pub- 
lic Schools. 




1,152 


1,195 


28,380 


$315,602 




353 


355 


8,493 


43,763 




194 


214 


8,970 


43,861 




69 


73 


1,878 


22,386 




1,251 


1,265 


32,705 


182,231 




2,234 


2,306 


71,429 


211,852 




664 


822 


25,046 


349,679 




898 


986 


33,111 


218,836 




782 


826 


18,746 


254,159 




1,570 


1,620 


51,754 


160,770 




2,657 


2,730 


104,095 


158,564 




724 


739 


17,838 


200,600 


2,680 


2,819 


104,117 


198,518 




349 


360 


7,946 


44,088 




2,930 


2,997 


67,353 


314,625 


Total ; . . . 


18,507 


19,307 


581,861 


$2,719,534 



A STATISTICAL VIEW 



95 



TABLE XXXIX. 



Public Schools of the Free States. 



FEEE STATES. 


Number. 


Teachers. 


Pupils. 


Annual In- 
come of Pub- 
lic Schools. 




2 


2 


49 


$3,600 




1,656 


1,787 


71,269 


231,220 




4,052 


4,248 


125,725 


349,712 




4,822 


4,860 


161,500 


316,955 




740 


828 


29,556 


51,492 


Maine 


4,042 


5,540 


192,815 


315,436 




3,679 


4,443 


176,475 


1,006,795 




2,714 


3,231 


110,455 


167,806 


New Hampshire 


2,381 


3,013 


75,643 


166,944 


Xe"vy Jcr'^ev 


1 473 


1 574 


77 930 


216 672 




ll',580 


13'965 


675^221 


1,472',657 


Ohio 


11,661 


12,886 


484,153 


743,074 




9,061 


10,024 


413,706 


1,348,249 




416 


518 


23,130 


100,481 




2,731 


4,173 


93,457 


176.111 


"Wisconsin 


1,423 


1,529 


58,817 


113,133 


Total 


62,433 


72,621 


2,769,901 


$6,780,337 



It Tvill be seen that in tlie South, a larger proportion of the 
children who attend School, attend at private Schools, than at 
the !N"orth. Still the number of scholars in these Schools is 
but a slight fraction over two-thirds as great at the South as at 
the North, and the amount of money paid for the support of 
these Schools nearly $400,000 less m the slave than in the 
free States. 

It is to be regretted that we are unable to compare these 
Schools in other respects, but figures can carry us no farther at 
this time. Perhaps by comparing the different sections of tliis 
chapter we may be able to form a just opinion. 

It -vnR be observed that the Public School statistics would 
not be materially affected for purposes of comparison, were 
those of the private Schools added to them. 

The number of public Schools at the South is 18,507 ; at 
the North, 62,433 ; a ratio of about tln-ee and one-half to one. 
Teachers at the South, 19,307 ; at the North, 72,621 ; almost 



96 



THE l^ORTH AND THE SOUTH. 



four to one. The number of Scholars at the South is 581,861, 
and at the North, 2,769,901 ; nearly five to one, and over 
2,000,000 more at the North than at the South. Indeed, if 
we compare the entire number attending all Schools (Colleges 
Academies, private and public Schools,) we find in the North 
a majority over the South of 2,241,046, which is now more 
than three times the entire number attending School in the 
Southern States. In other words, more than four-fifths of the 
children attending School in the Union are in the free States. 
The amount of money expended annually for these Schools is, 
in the Slave States, $4,799,258; and in the free States, 
$9,237,709. 

The State of Ohio is not quite two-thirds as large as Vir- 
ginia. Virginia has 77,764 scholars at School and Ohio has 
502,826. ^ . 

The area of Kentucky is very nearly equal to that of Ohio, 
the population almost exactly one-half as great, and the number 
of scholars at School a little more than one-sixth. 

Massachusetts is one-fourth as large as South Carolina, and 
contains nearly four times as many white inhabitants. The 
number of scholars attending School in South Carolina, is 
26,025 ; in Massachusetts, 190,924. 

The amount expended for Schools, both public and private, 
in South Carohna,is $406,089 ; in Massachusetts, it is $1,316,- 
972 ; a difference of almost a million of doUars. 

The whole number of scholars at School in the fifteen slave- 
holding States, is 699,079 ; in the single State of New York, it 
is 727,222. 

Such are the figures of the Census for 1850. 

Great efibrt has been made to obtain such statistics as to 
show the condition of all grades of Schools at the present time, 
much more fully than it can be learned from the census for the 
time when that was taken. Not enough, however, could be ob- 
tained for purposes of just comparison, the annual reports 
from the Slave States being so exceedingly meagre. So far, 



A STATISTICAL VIiJ\y. 



97 



however, as sucli reports could be obtained, they show that the 
difference between the free and slave States, in regard to ed- 
ucation, is constantly increasing. 

This arises from the want of any regular system for educa- 
tion of the poorer classes, who are increasing so rapidly in the 
Southern States. Proofs of this might be given, were it not a 
well known fact. 

On page 146 of the Census Compendium, it is said of 
" Georgia — no public Schools strictly, but Schools receive a 
certain amount of aid from State funds. This is true for many 
Southern States." 

The State of South Carolina appropriates annually the sum 
of $75,000 to free Schools. Gov. Manning, in his message 
of Nov. 28, 1853, says that "under the present mode of apply- 
ing it, that liberality is really the profusion of the prodigal, 
rather than the judicious generosity Avhich confers real ben- 
efit." 

In the State of Arkansas, only forty Schools were reported 
to the Commissioner for 1854. It is of course utterly impossi- 
ble to obtain any reliable information with regard to the Schools 
there, though we may form a very just opinion concerning 
their character in such a community. The Commissioner says, 
" The great obstacle to the organization of common Schools is 
not so much a deficiency in the means to sustain them, as it is 
the indifference that pervades the public mind on the subject 
of education." 

The amount expended by the State of Virginia, in 1854, for 
the education of poor children, was $69,404. For the mainte- 
nance of the pubhc guard, $73,189. 

New England, whose area is less than one-twelfth greater, 
appropriated $2,000,000 for Public Schools, and felt secure 
without a pubhc guard. 

The State of South Carolina has estabhshed one Free State 
Scholarship ; the State of Massachusetts has established forty- 
eight. 

9 



98 



THE N0IITII AND THE SOUTH. 



In Kentucky, the average number of scliolars at school in 
1854, was 76,429. In Ohio it was 279,G35. The total amount 
of money distributed (for pubKc schools) during the year 
1854, in Kentucky, was $146,047. The amount appropriated 
by the State of Ohio for the same purpose, was $2,266,609 ; a 
difference of over $2,000,000. 

There are very many items of expenditure for educational 
purposes at the North, for which the corresponding sums at the 
South cannot be ascertained. Among these are Teachers' In- 
stitutes, holden annually in every county in many of the 
Northern States ; Teachers' Associations, Normal Schools, 
School-houses, &c. The value of school buildings in the State 
of Ohio in 1854, was $2,197,384, and m Massachusetts it was? 
in 1848, $2,750,000 ; even in the little State of Ehode Island 
it is $319,293. The amount raised by taxation for educational 
purposes is now, in each of the three states. New York, Penn- 
sylvania, and Massachusetts, over one million dollars annually. 

The Report of the Commissioner of Public Schools to the 
Mayor and City Council of Baltimore, for the year 1851, gives 
the following facts : 

The value of school buildings in the city of Baltimore, is 
$105,729 ; New York, $552,457 ; Philadelphia, $858,224 ; 
and in Boston $729,502.* 

The following table is copied from the same report : 

TABLE XL. 

Showing the Condition of Public Schools in certain Cities. 



CITIES. 


Population. 


Schools 


Teach- 
ers. 


Pupils. 


Cost of 
Tuition. 




138,788 


203 


353 


21,678 


$237,000 




517,000 


207 


332 


40,055 


274,794 




409,000 


270 


781 


48,056 


341,888 




169,012 


36 


138 


8,011 


32,423 




116,000 


17 


124 


6,006 


81,623 




81,000 


73 


168 


6,642 



* Besides this there were paid for new buildings in Boston, S56,000 ; in 
Philadelphia, $24,473 ; and in Cincinnati, $10,000. 



A STATISTICAL VlEW. 



99 



The population of Baltimore is 30,000 greater than that of 
Boston. Baltimore has 8,000 scholars at school, for whose 
instruction she pays $30,000. Boston has 20,000, and pays 
for mstruction, $230,000. 

It would indeed be interesting, were it a matter capable of 
statistical comparisons, to trace the results of the superior edu- 
cational advantages enjoyed by the children of the North ; to 
compare the philosophers, orators, and statesmen, men of skill, 
science, or literature, authors, poets, and sculptors, of the two 
sections. To see how many of those who are most disting- 
uished at the South were born, bred, and educated at the 
North. 

DeBow, in a labored article in the Census Compendium, in 
behalf of the southern schools, says : " An examination of 
Massachusetts shows, out of 2,357 'students,' mentioned, 711, 
or one-third nearly, born out of the State, and 152, or one-fif- 
teenth, born m the South. On the other hand a southern 
town, taken at random, furnished one out of three editors, four 
out of twelve teachers, two out of seven clergjuien, born in the 
non-slaveholduig States." 

The presumption is that not so large a proportion of the stu- 
dents in Southern institutions are sent there from the North to 
be educated, and that, on the other hand, not so large a propor- 
tion of the editors, teachers and clergymen of the North are of 
Southern birth and education. 

IV. LIBRARIES. 

The following tables, Nos. XLI. and XLII., are of great 
importance in connection with the subject of education, as show- 
ing the literary tastes, habits of thought, and sources of enjoy- 
ment, of the people. These tables also show the character of 
the various institutions in the two sections, more correctly than 
it could be ascertained from almost any other source, embracing 
as they do the Public School, Sunday School, College and 
Church libraries : 



100 



A STATISTICAL VIEW. 



Volumes. 



Number. 



(>J(MOCDOOCDO-^COmC3t^a5COtD 



Volumes. 



Number. 



Volumes. 



Number. 



Volumes. 



Number. 



o • o • O 

O ' ^ • o 

(M -co • CO CO 



• • • Tj< -in 



•o •©(Noascj^ocrstoc^joio 
. irT • wS' n n <o <S <ji cT 

• a CO C0>-ii-tC^CO o 



t^i^OcDOOi— I *r-iC0O»O 'O^Ot^ 



Volumes. 



Number. 



o • 


• o o 


o • 


• o o 


in ; 




co" I 




(N • 




CO • 





"oinooooooo 
•ocoioknOLOOcoo 
; O CO o r-^ii^t^r-H^Ti< 

I (?f «rco"i>^p-H"(7ro" c^" 



Volumes. 



Number. 



QOOOOO-^OO-^cDOOOCOOkO 
oo(MCNOm'<i<cx)r^(Mr-iiot^co^rH^m 

o'rH"«3"o'cr^"j>rco'c<rco''>o'<?f of 

i-i in CO 



Tl-i-HCOt^int^^CO-^cOOSCO 



w o • • t>-,c3-ri ^ 



o © 



3 



THE NORTH AND THE SOUTH. 



101 



1-^ si 



"3 


Yoliunes. 


• oococQOCi»nwc5»noooc<!r-*o 

•.-i00OC5Or-i^in00CM0JO^rf<(M 

• CO t}< O O '^^^ ^ 

'. irT (n" oo" in" i-T t-T m" o" o" o" co" 

.COtOCD <MOOOOOCOOOOOOCD(N 
.1—1 I— (Oi— 1 t^r-4C0l— 1 


3,888,234 


Tot 


NuinhGr. 


•■*(Nr-<C^O(Mt^OOOCO<MCOOO(M 

•tomococoOl— icNc^i— iiooasoit^ 

•^rHi-l (MTt<T}<r-I^OC0C0 


14,911 


irch. 


Volumes. 


* m 

• CO 

I <^ 


• o 

• o 
• 


•(Nt^ -oooooinoitDO • 
■ Oi in • in CO Oi lo in oo • 
'. ^.^^ "^^'^ '. 

r-^-rf '. cn" cn" o"r-r I 
rH . CN • 


52,723 


xi 


Number. 


• CO 




•C5(M -tOCNO-^tDt^CO • 
^ . (N • 


o 


ege. 


Volumes. 


• o o o 
' o o o 

'. ITS' CO 
' 00 


•ifsoomoocooooo 

(NOOt^Ot^lr^mOOOO 
^ O^T)<^0^<J5^0^00^>r5^0^0^CN^GO 

* c^--H"tCcrTjr(xr«o'i>r,-rco^pH' 

• CO^ r-i(NC0iOl>C0<N 


660,573 


Coll 


Number. 


• 00 


• oooococo'<*io(Ni-ii-ias(N 

.-H (N CN (N 


CN 
CO 


T School. 


Volumes. 


•mc5iooooc£>ot^'<*Tt<Oi-Huoot^ 

•Tt<CMC£)00 00t^O--(eOa3f-it^CD<Mi-i 

;-^ao<N050-<*ii^i— cN^aj^o^t^ o o 
I oo" (n" i-h" cn" to" kTs" co" o" oo" oo" co" oo" co" o" ko" 

• COr-li— 1 C^O C0»0O(Nr-i 


478,858 


m 


Number. 


•t^oirjTi^r-icoiooLot^oooooooo 

'OOOOOCMCOCOr-Ht^COCO-^CMOCOCN 
: 1-1 r-H l-l CN (N 


1,713 


o 


Volumes. 


•o^ooomint^ooomr-iTj^oco 

■cOt^OtO(M^(MOOOC^tDCDi— lOCO 
;O00 00r-iCNiX>Tfi<NOt^t£>i-<00t^i— 1 

O CO 00 i-H 

1-H CO 


1,589,683 


Schc 


Number. 


•Tt<a5COTt<>-H(Ncr5COO<Ncoo(N«£)co 

<M rH05i-( rHOr-lCOi-lrHCO 
; r-l 00 

o" 


11,881 


•i 


Volumes. 


•OCTOOOCTir^Ot^COC^COtOt^r-iO 
OOOCOOOOCOl— ii— iO<>10cDOtDTt< 
.OClC^tDTft^rHOCiCNt^tOOOO 

• co" o" trT (^^ i-^"*^ irT ct" co^t^ ^ ^ cn" 1— '" (^^ 

•coco-* K^i0OT}<Ti<05t000T}<<Ni— 1 

• ^ r-< 


C5 

co^ 
to" 
o 




Number. 


•(MCOCO-«tt^t^Ot^t^CO»nOCD005 

■-^fcoo t»t^ooTt(i>.Ti<oos(Nco 

I— 1 CN 


CO 

in 


FREE 
STATES. 


Connecticut 


Tnw.q 


Massachusetts . . . 
New Hampshire . . 

Ohio 


Pennsylvania 

Rhode Island. . . . 

Wisconsin 


Total 



102 



THE NORTH AND THE SOUTH. 



From these it will be seen tliat the total number of volumes 
in the libraries of the South, is 649,577 ; in those of the 
North, 3,888,234 ; a difiference more than 3,000,000 m favor 
of the free States. Six volumes in the libraries of the North 
to one at the South. But we need not compare aggregates 
when the difference is so overwhelming. The Sunday School 
libraries of the North are nearly twice as great as the College 
libraries of the South; and the College libraries of the 
North greater than all the libraries of the South. 

Maine has more volumes in her libraries than South Caro- 
lina, Rhode Island than Virginia, or even more than all the 
five states, Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, and 
Florida ; and Massachusetts more than all the fifteen slave 
States. 

Michigan and Arkansas are very nearly equal, both in age 
and territory, Michigan having been admitted into the Union 
in 1837, and Arkansas in 1836 ; while the area of Michigan is 
56,243 squai'e miles, and that of Arkansas 52,198. Ivlichigan 
has 107,943 volumes in her libraries, Ai'kansas has 420 ; a 
ratio of 257 to 1. 

The public school libraries alone of the single state of 
New York, contain more than twice as many volumes as aU 
the libraries together of the whole South. Nor are we to 
suppose that because Common School Libraries, they are neces- 
sarily inferior either in cost or character. We learn from the 
American Almanac for the present year, that in the State of 
Illinois " 690 school Hbraries, of 321 volumes each, were dis- 
tributed throughout the state. The aggregate cost of these 
221,490 volumes was $147,222, or an average of $213 for 
each library." 

If the New York common school libraries were purchased 
at a similar cost, (over sixty-six cents per volume,) their value 
is doubtless greater than that of all the libraries ia the fifteen 
slave States. 



A STATISTICAL VIEW* 



103 



V. ILLITERATE. 

Thus far the large figures have been all in one direction, but 
here the case is different. The South is in advance and still 
advancing. 

The foUowing tables, Nos XLni. and XLIV., show the 
number unable to read and write. It will be seen that the 
number of native white citizens of this class in the free States 
is 248,725, and in the slave States 493,026, a number about 
twice as great in a population of far less than half. 

The number of native white adults who cannot read and 
write, in the State of Tennessee, is 77,017, in a white popula- 
tion of 756,836. The number in New York, 23,241, in a 
white population of 3,048,325. 

TABLE XLin. 

Persons in the Slave States over Twenty Years of Age who cannot Read and 

Write. 



SLAVE STATES. 


Whites. 


Free 
Colored. 


Natives. 


Foreign. 


Native 
Whit s. 




33,757 


235 


33,853 


139 


33,618 




16,819 


116 


16,908 


27 


16,792 




4,536 


5,645 


9,777 


404 


4,132 




3,859 


270 


3,834 


295 


3,564 




41,200 


467 


41,261 


406 


40,794 


66,687 


3,019 


67,359 


2,347 


64,340 




21,221 


3,389 


18,339 


6,271 


14,950 




20,815 


21,062 


38,426 


3,451 


17,364 




13,405 


123 


13,447 


81 


13,324 




36,281 


497 


34,917 


1,861 


34,420 




73,566 


6,857 


80,083 


340 


73,226 




15,684 


880 


16,460 


104 


15,580 




77,522 


1,097 


78,114 


505 


77,017 




10,525 


58 


8,095 


2,488 


8,037 




77,005 


11,515 


87,383 


1,137 


75,868 


Total 


512,882 


55,230 


548,256 


19,856 


493,026 



The number in Georgia is 40,794, in a white population of 
521,572, and of Pennsylvania it is 41,944, in a white popula- 
tion of 2,258,160. 



104 



THE NORTH AND THE SOUTH. 



Again. The number of white inhabitants over twenty years 
of age, in the state of New Hampshire, is 174,232. The 
nmnber of native white adults who cannot read and write, is 
893, or 1 in 201. In Connecticut it is 1 in 277 ; in Vermont 
1 in 284 ; and in Massachusetts 1 in 517. In South Carolina, 
on the other hand, it is 1 in 7 ; in Virginia 1 in 5, and in North 
Carolina 1 in 3. 

Such facts as these show the condition and character of the 
schools in the North and the South more clearly than aU other 
statistics combined. 



TABLE XLIV. 

Persons in the Free States over Twenty Years of Age who cannot Read and 

Write. 



FREE STATES. 


Whites. 


Free 
Colored. 


Natives. 


Foreign. 


Native 
WMtes. 




5,118 


117 


2,318 


2,917 


2,201 




4,739 


567 


1,293 


4,013 


826 




40,054 


1,229 


35,336 


5,947 


34,107 




70,540 


2,170 


69,445 


3,265 


67,275 




8,120 


33 


7,076 


1,077 


7,043 




6,147 


135 


2,134 


4,148 


1,999 




27,539 


806 


1,861 


26,484 


1,055 




7,912 


369 


5,272 


3,009 


4,903 




2,957 


52 


945 


2,064 


893 




14,248 


4,417 


12,787 


5,878 


8,370 




91,293 


7,429 


30,670 


68,052 


23,241 


Ohio 


61,030 


4,990 


56,958 


9,062 


51,968 




66,928 


9,344 


51,288 


24,989 


41,944 




3,340 


267 


1,248 


2,359 


981 




6,189 


51 


616 


5,624 


565 




6,361 


92 


1,551 


4,902 


1,459 




422,515 


32,068 


280,793 


173,790 


248,725 



CHAPTER IX. 



THE PRESS. 

In the language of DeBow : " In every country the press 
must be regarded a great educational agency. Freedom of 
speech and of the press are the inalienable birthright of every 
American citizen, and constitute the segis of his liberties." 

The earhest newspaper in North America was the Boston 
News-Letter, issued April 24, 1704. There were in 1775 but 
37 Newspapers in the American Colonies.* 

Of these there were three in South Carolina, two in each of 
the States Maryland, Virginia, and North Carolina, and one in 
Georgia ; making in all 10 in the present slaveholding States. 
In New Hampshire there was one, two in Rhode Island, four 
in Connecticut, the same number in New York, seven in Mas- 
sachusetts, and nine in Pennsylvania ; making 27 in the present 
non-slaveholdmg States. At that time the white population 
in the two sections was very nearly equal. 

The following tables show the number of papers and their 
circulation, in the several States, in 1810 ; also the number of 
papers in 1828, and of papers and periodicals in 1840. They 
also show the character of the newspaper and periodical press, 
the number of copies printed annually, the number of papers, 
and the circulation of each class, in 1850. 

* It will be perceived by looking on the 54th page of the Census Com- 
pendium, that there is a descrepancy between the several numbers and the 
amount given. I presume the separate numbers to be correct. 

(105) 



106 



THE NORTH AND THE SOUTH. 



TABLE XLV. 

Newspapers and Periodicals in the Slave States in 1810, 1828 and 1840. 







1810. 


1828, 


1840 


SLAVE STATES. 


Papers. 


Circulation. 


Papers. 


— — 

x apers 
and Peri- 






odicals. 








10 


28 








2 


9 




2 


166,400 


4 


8 








2 


10 




13 


707,200 


18 


40 




17 


618,800 


23 


46 


Ijouisiana 


11 


763,900 


9 


37 




21 


1,903,200 


37 


49 




4 


83,200 


6 


31 








5 


35 




10 


416,000 


20 


29 




10 


842,400 


16 


21 




6 


171,600 


8 


56 














23 


1,289,600 


34 


56 


Total 


117 


6,962,300 


194 


455 



TABLE XLVI. 

Newspapers and Periodicals in the Free States in 1810, 1828, and 1840. 





1810. 


1828. 


1840. 


FREE STATES. 


Papers. 


Circulation. 


Papers. 


Papers 
and Peri- 






odicals. 














11 


657,800 




44 








4 


52 




1 


15,600 


17 


76 










4 








29 


41 




32 


2,873,000 


78 


105 








2 


33 




12 


624,000 


17 


33 




8 


332,800 


22 


40 




66 


4,139,200 


161 


302 


Ohio 


14 


473,200 


66 


143 




71 


4,542,200 


185 


229 




7 


332,800 


14 


18 




14 


682,400 


21 


33 










6 












Total 


236 


14,673,000 


649 


1,1.59 



A STATISTICAL VIEW. 



107 



TABLE XLVn. 

Neicspapers and Periodicals Piiblished in the Slave States, 1850. 





Daily. 


Tri-Weekly. 


Semi-Weekly. 


"Weekly. 


SLAVE 
STATES. 


!^ 

B 


g Bo B 


^^ 


!=i e o B 


1 
(5 


p 2. s 

s p B 


1 


p p B 




6 


869,201 


5 


266,500 






48 
9 
7 
9 

37 
38 
37 
54 
46 
45 
40 
27 
36 
29 
55 


1,509.040 
377;000 
358,800 
288,600 
2,609,776 
8,053,024 
1,646,684 
3.166,124 
1,507,064 
2;406,560 
1,530.204 
1,413,880 
2,139,644 
771,524 
2,518,568 




3 














62,400 








1 
3 
7 
6 
4 
4 
4 
5 
5 
2 
5 
12 


31.200 
146.380 

1,125,280 
676,000 
499.700 
245;440 
273:000 
414,310 
549,250 
266.240 
525^400 

1.416,550 






5 
9 
11 

6 


1,086,110 
2,243.584 
9,947.140 
15,806,500 












LouisiaTicL 




















5 


3,380,400 












South. Carolina.. 


7 

8 


5.070,600 
4,407,666 


















15 


4,992,350 












Total 


72 


47,803,551 1 63 


6,435,250 1 3 | 62,400 | 517 | 25,296,492 




TAELE XLVIII. 

Neicspapers and Periodicals Published in the Free States, 1850. 




DaUy. 


Tri-"Weekly. jsemi-'Weekly. 

1 


Weekly. 


FREE 
STATES. 


& 


c P o B 

^^^^ 


d 

o 


pi P B 


c 
B 

i-S 


p5-§B 


p 
B 

i-t 


p« Z,^ 

p rs.o g 




4 
7 

8 
9 


626,000 
1.752 800 
1,120;540 
1,153,092 










3 
30 
84 
95 
25 
39 
126 
47 
35 
43 
308 
201 
261 
12 
30 
35 


135,200 
2,117,232 
8,575,936 
2,920,736 
923,000 
2,906,124 
20.371,104 
i:6S5;736 
3,538,152 
1,900,288 
39,205,920 
13,334,204 
27,359,384 
963,300 
2,142,712 
1,395,992 


Connecticut 


4 
4 
2 
2 
5 
4 
2 


374,400 
214,500 
195,000 
577,200 
302,900 
351,000 
52,000 


























4 
22 
3 


964,040 
40,498,444 
1,252,000 






Massachusetts. . . 


11 


2,070,016 
3,116,360 






6 
51 
26 
24 
5 
2 
6 


2,175,350 
63,928,685 
14,285,633 
50,416,788 

1,768.4.50 
172.150 

1,053,245 












8 
10 
2 


776,100 
1,047,930 
78,000 


13 

"i' 

2 
1 






62,400 
25,200 
228,800 


Pennsylvania . . . 
Rhode Island 








4 


198,250 










177 


181.107.217 


47_ 


4,167,280 


28 


5,502,776 


1,374 


124,475,020 



108 



THE NORTH AND THE SOUTH. 



TABLE XLIX. 

Newspapers and Periodicals published in the Slave States in 1850. 



GT A VT? 
OLiA.\ Xj 

io±Ji.jLlliD. 


Semi-Monthly. 


Monthly. 


Quarterly. 


Aggregate.* 


Number. 


Number 
of copies 
printed 
annually. 


Number. 


Number 
of copies 
printed 
annually. 


Number. 


Number 
of copies 
printed 
annually. 


Number. 


Number 
of copies 
printed 
annually. 




1 


18,000 










60 
9 
10 
10 
51 
62 
55 
68 
50 
61 
51 
46 
60 
34 
87 


2,662,741 
377,000 
421,200 
319;800 
4,070,866 
6,582,838 
12,416,224 
19.612,724 
i;752,504 
6,195,560 
2,020,564 
7,145,930 
6.940,750 
1,296,924 
9,223,068 










































6 
8 


:|S : 






















1 

3 


146,400 
, 92,400 








1 


48,000 


















7 


135,600 








6 
5 


76,050 
102,600 












2 


9,600 




4 


127,200 














3 


267,600 


1 


24,000 


1 


4,000 


Total 


30 


901,800 


16 


525,600 


3 


13,600 


704 


81,038,693 



* This aggregate is the aggregate of this table together with the last. 



TABLE L. 

Newspapers and Periodicals published in the Free States in 1850. 



FREE 
STATES. 


Semi-Monthly. 


Monthly. 


Quarterly. 


Aggregate.* 


B 
c 

ct> 
^1 


Number 
of copies 
printed 
annually. 


|-i 


Number 
of copies 
printed 
annually. 


ti 
B 


of copies 
printed 
annually. 


B 

<^ 


Number 
of copies 
printed 
annually. 
















7 

46 
107 
107 
29 
49 
202 
58 
38 
51 
428 
261 
309 
19 
35 
48 


761.200 
4,267:9.32 
5,102.276 
4,316,828 
1,512,800 
4.203,064 
64.820.564 
3.247.733 
8.067,552 
4.098.6V8 
115,385:473 
30.473.407 
84.898.672 
2.756.950 
2,567,662 
2,665,487 








1 

7 


6,000 
147,200 


2 
1 


8,800 
900 




3 
1 


43,200 
48,000 






■ 2 
1 

29 
3 
2 


12,600 
30,000 
1,357.200 
123,600 
13,800 
















Massachusetts . . . 


3 
3 
1 
2 
9 

23 
19 


61,800 
134.400 
15,600 
23,040 
1,704,000 
1.781,640 
6,972,000 


7 


24,000 


New Hampshire . . 












36 


6,629,808 


3 
1 
2 


24,600 
24,000 
7,600 




Pennsylvania .... 
















2 
1 


24,000 
18,000 




























64 


10,783,680 


84 


8,362,208 


16 


89,900 


1,790 


334,146,2S1 



* This aggregate is the aggregate of this table together with the last. 



A STATISTICAL YIEVT'. 



109 



TABLE LI. 

Characte)- of the Newspaper and Periodical Press. — Number of copies 
printed annually in the Slave States, as given in 1850. 



SLATE STATES. 


Literary 
and Miscel- 
laneous. 


Neutral 
and Inde- 
pendent. 


Political. 


Religious. 


Scien- 
tific. 




265.200 
171.600 
46,800 


313,000 


1.889.169 
205.400 
374.400 
202.800 
1.491:350 
5.245.888 
8.356.224 
4.196,924 
1.519,024 
5.496,280 
1:457.664 
4.310.930 
5.138.580 
'660.400 
6,698.170 


158,400 


36,972 














117.000 
239.200 
429,450 
52.000 
669,400 






1.411.976 

650.800 
657.300 
14.654,000 
'233.480 
608.800 
266.200 
474:800 
206.200 
350.324 
247.880 


747,340 
250.400 
3,335,100 
8,400 


181.000 
6,300 
15,600 
84,000 






90,480 
182.950 

1,092:040 
195.500 
137.800 

1.001:112 







113.750 
2,140.400 
503.930 
148.400 
1,251,900 






24,800 








24,000 


Total i 20.215.360 


8,812,620 


47,243,209 


4.364,832 [ 372.672 



TABLE Ln. 

Character of the Newspaper and Periodical Press. — Number of copies 
printed annually in the Free States, as given in 1850. 



FREE STATES. 


Literary 
and Miscel- 
laneous. 


Neutral 
and Inde- 
pendent. 


Political. 


Religious. 


Scientific. 




135.200 
489.900 
721.700 
647.504 
36.000 
987.216 

11,794.304 
456.500 
579.480 
181.640 

18.449.016 
3.865.880 

18.515.028 
'280.800 
208:600 
130.000 


626,000 
403,770 










3.422.432 
3.384.162 
3,569.324 
1,281.800 
2.501.680 
32.996,800 
2,556,836 
1,673,672 
3.823.138 
45:463.015 
18,865.282 
37.808.960 
i:693.650 
2.025,430 
2.517,487 


223,200 
499,044 
100.000 
7,800 
438:568 
4.405,200 
134.400 
778,000 

12.438.432 
3.334.240 
6,588,130 


7,200 
93,600 




187,200 

13,591,000 
26,000 

93.900 
37.317,010 
4.220,805 
21,908,548 
782,500 




New Tork * 

Ohio 


275.600 
2,033.260 
' 74,000 
36,400 

'1.718.666 
187.200 
78,000 




333,632 




Wisconsin 




18.000 








Total 


57,478,768 


79,156,733 


163,583,668 29,280,652 


4,521,260 



10 



110 



THE NORTH AND THE SOUTH. 



Circula- 
tion. 



Number. 



05iOO^aOGOTt<001r^QOCOi— ir^COCO 
iO_G<)mi>^TtiCOQ0(NQ0Tt<00t-00rH,—( 

tjT j>r r>r o~ ccT irT cT oT 

CO <£>ooooc^cot^coin;Di-ico 



Circula- 
tion. 



Number. 



o ^ o o 

O (N O O 
CO »0 CO O 



Tj< ,-( rH (M 



Circula. 
tion. 



o o in o o 

O CM O lO 
G^l^ C£5^ 

c^" TjT (>r r-T CO*" 



O LI o o o o 

Tt< CN O lO O 
1^ O O CM 



Number. 



CN O O CN OS 



Circula- 
tion. 



tDOOOOcO(Nt^OOrt<if5t^OOO 
COirsOOOCOCMCOOOrftOi— i-^inoo 

cocjiiDmciaioccicocooi-Hi— IC0CT5 
Ti<'co'i:D'co''o'"m''irrr-r trT ocT ■tIh' ocT co" cxT 1— T 

(N <NiO^C0(N'*(MCNC0 ifJ 



Number. 



Circula- 
tion. 



Number. 



Circula- 
tion, 



o o o 
o o o 

i-H CO 05 



Number. 



c3 g 



?o o o o 
o o o 

O GO O 



>n o o o o 

O nH O O 

00 CO «3 Tti CM 



ooomoooxnoot^o 

C0OCNOCT>Ot^O»OC005 
<X)OOO-^-*<Dt^C0t^C0 



c3 'd 



o p 

?-i f-i o 

cs ci S 



o 3 f J J t; -g fl X 



A STATISTICAL VIEW. 



Ill 



Aggregate. 


Circula- 
tion. 


o>— i(N>ooQ0cr>r-(t^»r5t^Oi— it^»nco 
(n" go" eo" to" co" cd" c^T o~ tjh" c^" itT n irT ko" n 

O 03 


4,296,768! 


Number. 


Ttooc^TiHOirjcoJOOjcor-4r-icOTt< 

rl r-l CO 


1,799 


Scientific. 


Circula- 
tion. 




1,200 
6,400 




o in o o 
o o o o 
co^ xn 
irT TjT 


59,500 
10,400 
1,500 




1,500 


185,205 


Number. 




1-1 CO 




I-H tJ< ,-H 


(N in i-H 








Religious. 


Circula- 
tion. 




Ot-OOrtiOOO 

ocftomcomoo 
^o^o^co ^^cp_^cD_^in 


507,246 
90,130 
198,018 


6,416 




970,141 


Number. 






l-H 00 

CO (M <N 


CO 




o 
^ 


Political. 


Circula- 
tion. 




coi-HOO»nt^cocD-*»n^oinocD 
T}<'~ F-Tt-" o" oT .-T CO (m" ctT oTtC oT co" oT 

COlOT^C^Cat^tNCO-^CJOOCDrHCOCN 

i-H CO i-t 


1,394,582 


Number. 




QOCO^ma5(Na5G^'*CO<NOO(Mt-(N 
C>lt^00(MC^00C0C><Ti<COOiCJi-H(MTj< 
<M rH 


1,160 


Neutral and 
Independent. 


Circula- 
tion. 


2,000 


1,290 


o 
o 

I-H 


50,700 
200 


O O m CO o 
O Jr^ 00 03 O 
CO 

t-^Co'^o'cN" 
1—1 






269,441 


Number, 








C5 rH 


I-H »n CO I-H 






»n 


Literary and 
Miscellaneous. 


Circula- 
tion. 


oom(NOoot^knooooo-<#ooo 
oocN^omc^<N05t-Hoo^cDOino 
CD oi^t^ Tj<ocDt^oo5t^cci-<*»nio 
Oir-i CO CO ao 1-^ in iS ^ 

(M in rH Tj< 


1,477,399 


Number. 


CO(N(Mr-((N»niOCOOCOi-lt^r-(COOCO 
rH(MCN rHCOr-ll-t OCOt^ 


o 


FREE 
STATES. 


California 

Connecticut . . 

Tllinnis 


1 


1 


(= 

i 


Massachusetts 

Michigan 

Ne wHamp shire 
New Jersey . . . 

New York 

Ohio 

Pennsylvania . 
Ehode Island . 

Wisconsin 


C 





112 



THE NORTH AND THE SOUTH. 



It wiU be seen on examination of these Tables, that in 1810 
the number of papers in the Slave States was 117, and in the 
free States, 236 ; almost exactly two to one. The ratio of cir- 
culation was a little larger. 

In 1828, the number of papers at the North was to that at 
the South as 3 to 1 ; and in 1840 as 2 1-2 to 1. The circula- 
tion for those years is not given. 

In 1850, the number of papers at the South was 704 ; at 
the North 1,799 ; while the circulation at the South was 
782,453, and at the North, 4,296,768 ; or over five at the 
North to one at the South. 

The circulation in Michigan, is 52,000 ; in Arkansas, 7,000 ; 
in Kentucky, 84,000; in Ohio, 415,000; in South Carolina, 
55,000; in New Hampshire, 60,000; in Mississippi, 30,000 ; 
and in New Jersey, 44,000 ; in Maryland, 124,000, (which 
is far the largest circulation of any Southern State) ; and in 
Massachusetts, 716,969. The circulation in Massachusetts, 
is but little less than that in all the slave States ; that in Penn- 
sylvania is greater by one-fourth than of that entire section ; 
while the circulation of New York is considerably more than 
double that of the whole dominion of slavery. The circulation 
of the single paper, the New York Weekly Tribune, is at the 
present time gi'eater than was, in 1850, the circulation of all 
the newspapers in the States Virginia, North Carolina, and 
Mississippi ; indeed, we might add a couple more slave States, 
and it would still be greater. 

On examining the character of the Newspapers and Period- 
icals in the two sections, we see that a large proportion (more 
•than one-half,) of the Southern Papers, are political; and a 
much larger proportion than of the Northern, the proportion in 
the North being less than one-third. In this class they have a 
circulation nearly equal to one-third of the Northern, while of 
the literary and miscellaneous, neutral and independent, it is 
one-seventh ; in the scientific, one-eighth ; and in the religious, 
one-ninth. 



A STATISTICAL VIEW. 



113 



These ratios are in some instances greater, if we compare the 
number of copies printed annually. 

The number of copies, of neutral and independent papers, 
printed in a year, in the slave States, is 8,000,000 ; and in the 
free States, 79,000,000. Of the religious, in the slave States, 
4,000,000 ; and in the free States, 29,000,000. Of the scien- 
tific, the number is, at the South, 372,000; and at the North, 
4,000,000 ; while of the political, the number at the South, is 
47,000,000; and at the North, 163,000,000. 

The number of copies of scientific papers printed in the fif- 
teen Southern States, is 372,000. The number printed in 
Massachusetts alone, is 2,000,000 ; more than five times as 
many as in all the slave States. The number of copies of 
religious papers printed in the fifteen slave States, is 4,000,000 ; 
in the State of New York, 12,000,000. Of neutral and inde- 
pendent papers there are, in the slave States, 8,000,000 ; and 
in Pennsylvania, 21,000,000. 

The political press of either Massachusetts or Pennsylvania, 
issues annually more copies than half the political presses of 
the slave States ; while that of New York issues but a slight 
fraction less than the whole. 

Finally. The daily press of the South issues 47,000,000 
annually ; that of Massachusetts and Pennsylvania the same ; 
and of the free States, 181,000,000. The weekly press of the 
South issues 25,000,000 copies ; that of Pennsylvania 27,000,- 
000; of New York, 39,000,000; and of the free States, 
124,000,000. The New York DaHy Herald had a circulation 
nearly,, if not quite, half as great as all the daily papers of the 
slave States, in 1850. 

The aggregate number of copies printed annually in Arkan- 
sas, is 377,000; in Wisconsin, 2,665,000. In Kentucky, 
6,000,000; in Ohio, 30,000,000. In Maryland, Virginia, 
North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, Alabama, Missis- 
10* 



THE NORTH AND THE SOUTH. 



sippi, Florida, Louisiana, and Texas, together less than Massa- 
chusetts. 

In the fifteen slave states, 81,000,000 ; in Pennsylvania, 
84,000,000 ; in New York, 115,000,000 ; and in the sixteen 
free states, 334,000,000. 



CHAPTER X. 



POST OFFICE DEPARTMENT. 

The following tables, Nos. LV., LVI, and I. VII., will 
show the amounts actually credited for the transportation of 
the mails in the several States, and the amount of postages col- 
lected in the same, for the fiscal years ending June 30, 1850, 
and June 30, 1855. 

Few tables can be more suggestive, or more amply repay a 
careful investigation, than these. 

At the present day, the energy and business character of a 
people, their roads, raih^pads, steamboats, and other means of 
transportation, are all given, in a word, in their Post-Office 
reports. 

TABLE LY. 



Showing the Amounts actually credited for the Transportation of Mails, and 
the Amounts of Postage collected in the Slave and Free States in 1850. 



SLAVE 
STATES. 


Total Postage 
CoUected. 


Transporta- 
tion. 


FREE 
STATES 


Total Postage 
Collected. 


Transporta- 
tion. 




$75,937 75 
17,215 53 
12,521 38 
13,793 24 

101,749 42 
86,472 49 

116,936 06 

121,864 61 
55,536 01 
83,787 95 
46,647 07 
76,108 62 
64,185 86 
28,474 12 

141,579 13 


$143,798 70 
61,244 90 
6,489 87 
31,701 55 
146,772 94 
87,121 70 
68,464 61 
143,150 97 
84,256 58 
101,313 23 
154,977 40 
108,488 80 
74,142 59 
114,744 83 
169,687 83 


1 California .... 
Connecticut.. . 


$227,152 82 
119,971 81 
115,184 53 
83,638 03 
26,568 86 
89,761 92 
358,120 72 
62,387 69 
59,902 20 
66,156 20 
933,977 13 
286,311 24 
396,699 91 
39,328 34 
68,965 44 
60,725 35 


$111,515 87 
62,176 13 
156,685 71 
76,225 82 
24.850 05 
46;69025 
132,164 84 
39,634 58 
27,662 00 
42,813 37 
324,970 14 
138,836 32 
146,105 64 
12,088,20 
50,643 93 
34,759 77 






Kentucky .... 
Louisiana .... 

Mssissippi 

N. Carolina. . . 

S. Carolina 

Tennessee .... 


Iowa 

Massachusetts. 

N. Hampshire. 
New Jersey 

Ohio 

Pennsylvania . 
Rhode Island. . 

Wisconsin .... 








Total 


$1,042,809 24 


$1,496,356 50 




$2,975,852 19 


$1,427,822 63 



(115) 



116 



THE NORTH AND THE SOUTH. 



TABLE LVI. 

Showing the Amounts actually credited for the Transportation of the Mails, 
and the Amount of Postage collected in the Slave States in 1855. 

















T 


■NT 

^ ewspapcr 


otamps 


age 


XTansporta- 




Jrostage. 


Postage . 


Sold. 


v-'Oij.ecieci. 


tion. 




!Jt>*D,tLO 


Jjpj.0,000 










16,894 


4,828 


8,941 


30,664 


117,659 




9,967 


2,377 


7,298 


19,644 


9,243 




8,167 


2,343 


8,764 


19,275 


77,553 




59,117 


16,066 


73,880 


149,063 


216,003 




59,307 


15,065 


55,694 


130,067 


144,161 




69,140 


13,833 


50,778 


133,753 


133,810 




82,029 


31,712 


77,743 


191,485 


192,743 


36,092 


11,464 


81,182 


78,739 


170,786 




n,372 


14,537 


53,742 


139,652 


185,096 


North Carolina. . . . 


26,831 


11,692 


34,235 


72,759 


148,249 


South Carolina. . . . 


86,156 


8,075 


47,368 


91,600 


192,216 




42,070 


13,238 


■ 48,377 


103,686 


116,091 




87,373 


8,532 


24,530 


70,436 


209,936 




92,562 


28,499 


96,799 


217,861 


245,592 


Total 


$693,493 


$195,844 


$66,845 


$1,553,198 


$2,385,953 



TABLE LYIL 

Showing the Amounts actually credited for the Transportation of the Mails, 
and the Amount of Postage collected in the Free States in 1855. 



FREE STATES. 



Newspaper 
Postage 



Stamps 
Sold. 



Total Post- 
age 
Collected. 



Transporta- 
tion. 



California 

Connecticut.. . . 

Illinois 

Indiana 

Iowa 

Maine 

Massachusetts . 

Michigan 

New Hampshire 
New Jersey .... 

New York 

Ohio 

Pennsylrania . . 
Rhode Island.. . 

Vermont 

Wisconsin 

Total 



$141,833 
75,691 
142,177 
95,248 
44,540 
75,779 
239,894 
77,223 
46,225 
66,645 
734,453 
237.457 
301,646 
23,812 
44,465 
65,406 



$11,319 
24.254 
82:457 
24,578 
9,680 
15,413 
83,226 
15,201 
10,995 
11,556 

106,206 
47,227 
64,073 
4,520 
12,036 
13,959 



$81,437 
79,284 
105,252 
60,578 
28,198 
60,165 
259,062 
49,763 
88,387 
31,495 
542,498 
167,958 
217,293 
30,291 
36,314 
83,538 



$234,591 
179,230 
279,887 
180,405 

82,420 
151,358 
532,184 
142,188 

95,609 
109,697 
1,383,157 
452:643 
683;013 

58,624 

92,816 
112,903 



81,462 
280,038 
190,480 
84,428 
82,218 
153,091 
148,204 
46,631 
80,084 
481,410 
421,870 
251,833 
13,891 
64,437 
92,842 



$2,412,494 



,700 



$1,719,513 



$4,670,725 



:,608,295 



A STATISTICAL VIEW. 



117 



A few of the facts wliicli stand forth prominent m these Ta- 
bles, are the folio wmg : 

In 1850, only tTTo slave States, Delaware and Louisiana, 
paid for the transportation of their mails hj the amoimt of 
postages collected. 

Of the free states, Illinois alone did not. 

In the slave States, the postages for that year less than paid 
for the transportation, by nearly half a million of doUars. In 
the free States, the postages more than paid for the transporta- 
tion, by over a mil lion and a half of doUars. 

In 1855, this difference is very greatly increased. 

The postages of the slave States less than paid the cost of 
transportaion by over $800,000, while the free State postages 
more than paid the transportation, by over $2,000,000. 

In the slave territory, the only State which paid for trans- 
portation of its mails, by its postages, was Delaware. In the 
free States, the only States which did not, were Illinois, Indiana, 
Iowa, and jMichigan. 

Neither jS"orth Cai'olina, South Carolina, ^Mississippi, Ala- 
bama, or Texas, paid half the expense of transporting their 
mads, by postages received ; while Florida paid less than a 
fourth, and Arkansas less than a fifth. 

Massachusetts paid for her own transportation, and had a 
sm-plus remaining of more than four times the amoimt of post- 
age collected in South Carolina. 
• New Hampshire, Connecticut, and Pennsylvania, each paid 
for their transportation, by thefr postages, more than twice 
over, and Rhode Island more than foiu" fold. 

The postages of New York are not an eighth less than those 
of all the slave States, while the expense of transportation is 
but little more than one-fifth the expense in those States. 

The fifteen slave States did not pay, by postages, two-thirds 
the expense of transporting then* mails. 

The fr-ee States paid for theh's, and had a surplus of over 



118 



THE NORTH AND THE SOUTH. 



$2,000,000; half a million more than all the postages col- 
lected in the slave States. 

In other words, the free States, in this matter, support them- 
selves, pay the deficit in the slave States and have over 
$1,200,000 besides. 



CHAPTER XI. 



VALUE OF CHURCHES, AND AZilOTJA^T OF COXTKIBUTIOXS FOR 
CEKTAEST BENEYOLEXT OBJECTS. 

The following tables, Nos. L^HH. and LIX. sliow the 
amount contributed in the several States, for the IMissionaiy, 
Tract, and Bible cause, by all the principal Chi'istian denomi- 
nations, except the Methodist. This denomination is not 
included in the tables, from the fact that all receipts are re- 
turned by conferences, which are frequently made up of several 
parts of States, thus precluding the possibihty of separating so 

TABLE LYm. 



SJioiving the Amount contributed in the Slavs States for purposes of Christian 
Benevolence in 1855, together icith the Value of Churches in 1850. 





Amount con- 


Amount con- 


Amount con- 






tributed for 


tributed for 


tributed for 


Value of 


SLAVE STATES. 


the Bible 


Missionary 


the Tract 


Churches, 




cause. 


purposes. 


cause. 


1850. 




S3,351 


$5,963 


$477 


$1,244,741 




2,950 


455 


110 


149,686 




1,037 


1,003 


163 


340,345 




1,957 


340 


5 


192,600 




4,532 


9,846 


1,468 


1,327,112 




5,95G 


6,953 


1,366 


2,295,353 




1,810 


3.34 


1,099 


1,940,495 




8,909 


20,677 


5,365 


3,974,116 




1,067 


4,957 


267 


832,622 




4,711 


2,712 


936 


1,730,135 




6,197 


6,010 


1,419 


907,785 


South Carolina 


3,984 


15,248 


3,222 


2,181,476 


Tennessee 


8,383 


4,971 


1,807 


1,246,951 


Texas 


3,985 


349 


127 


408,944 


Ykginia 


9,296 


22,106 


6,894 


2,902,220 


Total 


$68,125 


$101,934 


$24,725 


$21,674,581 



(119; 



120 



THE NOETH AISTD THE SOUTH. 



TAELE LIX. 



Showing the Amount contributed in the Free States for purposes of Chnstian 
Benevolence in 1855, together with the Value of CJiurches in 1850. 





Amount con- 


Amount con- 


Amount con- 






tributed, for 


tributed, for 


tributed for 


\ 8.1UC 01 


FREE STATES. 


the Bible 


Missionary 


the Tract 


Churches. 




cause. 


purposes. 


cause. 


1850. 




<!>i,yuu 


$192 


350 








4o,U-14: 


L0,Ol Ji 


o,oyy,oou 




zo,4Uo 


10,040 


3,786 


l,Oo.i,oUO 




D, 1 00 


4,705 


1,491 






4,216 


1,750 


2,005 


235,412 




5,449 


13,929 




1,794,209 




43,444 


128,505 




10,504,888 




5,554 


4,935 


1,114 


793,180 




6,271 


11,963 




1,433,266 




15,475 


19,946 


3,546 


3,712,863 




123,386 


172,115 


61,233 


21,539,561 


Ohio 


25,758 


19,890 


9,576 


5,860,059 




25,360 


43,412 


12,121 


11,853,291 




2,669 


9,440 


2,121 


1,293,600 




5,709 


11,094 




1,251,655 




4,790 


2,216 


474 


512,552 


Total 


$319,667 


$502,174 


$131,972 


$67,773,477 



* §18,628 as giren in the Report for the four together. 



as to give the amount from each State. Indeed, there is some 
difficulty in dividing the amount justly between the slave and 
free States ; but this is not as great as in dividing it between 
all the several States, since the sum collected in all the confer- 
ences, made up partly of slave and partly of free Territory, is 
but $35,000, which could make but little difference in the 
result, however it might be divided. The amount collected for 
the Tract cause and the support of missions, was, for the past 
year, in the Northern conferences, $225,000, of which $35,000 
was from conferences embracing both slave and fr'ee territoiy. 
According to the Annals of Southern Methodism, for the year 
1855, the amount raised in the Methodist Church South, in the 
year 1854, was $168,931, "and for the year just closing, the 
amount will fall somewhat below that," says the author. 



A STATISTICAL VIEW. 



121 



Taking these facts and dividing tlie $35,000 according to 
tlie best of our information, the amount contributed for these 
purposes, in the Methodist Church, is a few thousand dollars 
greater in the free than in the slave States. This of course 
is exclusive of the operations of the " Bool| Con'cern," &c., &c. 

The amount contributed by all other denominations is given 
by States in the tables, which are compiled from the last 
annual report of the several societies. 

The amount contributed in the slave States, for the Bible 
cause, was, durmg the past year, $68,125 ; in the free States, • 
$319,667 ; a ratio of over 4 1-2 to 1. The amount contributed 
for the support of missions was, in the slave States, $101,934, 
and in the free States, $502,174; almost exactly five dollars to 
one. The amount contributed in the slave States for the pub- 
lication and distribution of Tracts, was $24,725 ; and in the . 
free States, $131,?)72; a ratio still greater, and over five dol- 
lars at the North to one at the South. The amount contributed 
in the State of Massachusetts, for the support of missions, is 
greater than in all the slave States, while the amount contrib- 
uted in the State of New York, both for the missionary and 
Bible cause, was nearly twice as great as in all the territory of 
slavery. 

It will be seen that the value of Churches in the slave States 
is $21,674,581, and in the free States, $67,773,477 ; a ratio of 
more than 3 to 1 — the Churches of New York being equal in 
value to those of the fifteen slave States. 

The amount contributed in the several States for the various 
benevolent objects which from time to time present themselves, 
it is impossible to ascertain. But the report of the Portsmouth 
Relief Association, just published, shows the amount received 
from the difierent States " For the relief of Portsmouth, Ya.^ 
during the prevalence of the yellow fever in that town in 
1855." It is certainly gratifying to see that the call for help 
was so promptly answered from the most distant States. The 
amount of money contributed by the slave States, exclusive of 
u 



122 



THE NOKTH AND THE SOUTH. 



Virginia, in whicli State the sickness prevailed, was $12,182. 
In the free States it was $42,547, or 3 and 1-2 times as much 
in the free as in the slave States. Including the State of Vir- 
ginia, the amount given by the slave States was $33,898, or 
$9,141 more given by the sixteen free States than by the fif- 
teen slave States. This is exclusive of provisions and other 
valuable supplies, amounting to thousands of dollars, sent from 
all parts of the Union. 



CHAPTEH XIL 



MASSACHUSETTS AND SOUTH CAROLINA. 

In this chapter are given the full statistics of Massachu- 
setts and South CaroHna, in 1850, by counties, as published 
in Compendium of the Census ; to which are added tables 
showing the number of men furnished by the several States 
in the Revolutionary war, the number of pensioners in 1840, 
and extracts showing the action and condition of the State 
of South Carolina in the war of the Revolution. 



TABLE LX. 

Statistics of Massachusetts — Census of 1850. 



Population. 



Counties. 


'Whites. 


o 


All Classes. 


Total Population. 




Male. 


Female 


Total. 


& 


Male. 


Female. 


1850. 


1840. 




17.803 


17.350 


35,153 . 


123 


17,868 


17,408 


35,276 


82,548 




23,958 


24.300 


48,258 


1,333 


24.629 


24.962 


49,591 


41.745 


Bristol 


36,641 


38.018 


74,659 


1,533 


37,342 


38,850 


76,192 


60,164 




2,306 


2;i8i 


4,487 


53 


2,328 


2,212 


4,540 


3.958 




63,862 


66.820 


130,682 


618 


64,148 


67,152 


131.300 


94.987 




15.407 


15,372 


30.779 


91 


15,455 


15.415 


30.870 


28.812 




24.943 


25,837 


50,780 


503 


25,171 


26.112 


51,283 


37.386 




17.392 


18,011 


35,403 


329 


17.550 


18,182 


35.732 


30,897 


Jiiddlesex 


76.918 


83,758 


160,676 


707 


77,286 


84.097 


161,383 


106.611 




4.119 


3.939 


8,058 


394 


4,391 


4,061 


8,452 


9.012 


Norfolk 


38;562 


40,081 


78.643 


249 


38,679 


40,213 


78,892 


53.140 


Plymouth 


27,720 


27,521 


55,241 


456 


27,948 


27,749 


55;697 


47,373 


Suffolk 


68,622 


73.857 


142.479 


2,038 


69,557 


74,960 


144,517 


95,773 




65,840 


64,312 


130,152 


'637 


66,165 


64,624 


130,789 


95,313 



(123) 



THE NORTH AND THE SOUTH. 



Accommodatioii of 
Churches — Persons. 



Whites over 20 unable 
to read and mite. 



OiC500t-Ot^l— lT-ICO^rHCiC0(M 
VO^i-l (MCOrHClr-lt^OCO-^i- 

cor 



Whites 5 and under 
20 years old. 



T-^clcs>oooo(^^coo■*o•r^(T^^^o 



White Scholars during 
the year. 



-*r-lr-IOOOCOr-<OiM05C<l(rq005 



Total Educational 
Income. 



i-ICOOCr>rHCOClr-(CO-*a2(MCO(M 
rHC4CTCOOOt-OCOCOl-lr-l<»lOC.v» 

COrt^GO t- (M lO OO r-( 1— I CO GO O 



Annual In- 
come. 



COtOOCDCOCOOOOOOOiOCDCO 

<3i '^i CO CM CD CO CO Oi t- lO 

00 t-;,>0 CO^C^CJl^Crs^CO CO Cg_r-J_rH^CO 0_ 

CO CO {N^cfi-Tc^rco CO oTt-^c^cd ci" 

CaiMl.-^ Cq(MCOCNIcx) COiO^OJ 
m r-i rl Ol 



Pupils. 



(MCOOOt-COOCOt^COIMCOr-IOt- 
00 CN I - O kO CC CD CO CO 00 CO 

CO^iO^CO^OO r-J^CO^CO^CD^I>^C-J^O l--^(N_0^ 
t-TiCco lOl-^OcTt-COr-r^crt-^Co" 



Annual In- 
come. 



Pupils. 



COOCOr-ICDCDO(MOC5 
lOrHOOC<J-*COL^aiO'# 
CO^CO^t--_t-^C^O0 O^CO_0_10_ 

TtTco^t-Tt-r t-Tco co^cTccTcf 

ITS (Mas (Mr-ICOr-1 



■*OTOrHOOCOOCOOlM 
CO CD CD Ci t- lO )ID O O Oi 
COCqiOl-OCOCO'^OOi-H 



FamiUes. 



iCOOOOunOOTjIrHOOt-COOS 
»OCD-<*IO^CO>-OOT'*H^C2iOrHi-) 
G<l^TjH^0^O5 C3^C^J^t-^CO OJ^CD^CD lO^^CO 

T-H (M CO r-lr-l(MiM 



Dwellings. 



CICO^rHOOlMCOlOOmiOCOt^O^ 
C0C0C0r^l^C000Oi000-:7<OOO 
i-O CD^r-1_t~ CO '^-i 

co~o6~s^f CO loaTiocor-rcfcrccTr-r 

i-l r-i . CN i-H 1— i (M 



Foreign 
Countries. 



C0C2i-H01-*t^-*CD(Ml0OC0(MC!5 
UO l-H O CO 00 CT5 CO GO C\i CO ^ CO -*l 
C5 00^^ cq^CO^O^C^rH^TjH CD^(M_^CD 
ic5~cr C£rj-ro6~CO~r4" 10"CO cTt-^ 



United States. 



':Dcoooc<iooococn(Mcocoi-0(Mco 

O00t^O-ciHC0Ox0i0C0-*iC0CC'05 
•*0<MOO-*O^OOOJl^COC;rHi— I 



S 2 



3 S ft^pi^^ ? 



S S E S S g c? «S a Ci O ^ p 



a s 



A STATISTICAL VIEW. 125 



Irish, and Sweet 
Potatoes, Bushels. 



) •- •M.-D CC CC C C5 CO O O r-l CO 



Indian Corn, 














O 00 CD IN r-i b- 

>^0 O CO CI O 


Bushels. 














c4 cTco^cf tN^ciT 






eg 










C^Cq r-ii-t 
















lO SC C<J (M CO 


Eye and Oats, 














~ X « u-t OC CO 
LT ~^ C<)^ '^^^^ '^'^ 


Bushels. 


(M 












I- r-] CO 
















rH CO 



TTheat. Bushels. 



Swine. 



Neat Cattle. 



Horses, Asses, and 
Miiles. 



Yalue with ImproTe- 
ments and Imple- 
ments. 



Acres TJnimproTed. 



COI^t-iOt-It-iCOiSiCCOOt^ioOOS 

oc oc ir: :r CO o c<i lO o rH o 



COC01:^COCOC5COO^t~0'#(MiO 
tOCCi-l-^OO-ll^CO-^t^OOOO CO 
10_CC^1.~ CC^r-'_^ OCCi OC <XCi O CO_ OO^ 
r-rcriffo"cicO^'(M'~r-r lO~ cT 



ooccc^co'^oooot^ouooeo 
CO o cc " ^ cx: C2 o 1^ 
OC o L~ OC c; uo :c cK TjH CO 



CO !M CO l-l CO ' 



cco!Mc;c<jr-icoocoiOict<ioo 

Ol ^1 OC (M CT. OC (N l-O C; C O ^ ^ CO 
CO OJ^IO c;£^Oi^I^_^t--^-ri^L--^CO^uO '#^C<j_05^ 
CC't^rH'S C0O~ ■^I>^Crrcc'"oc"r-rCo' 
W O GO OC CO Ol l-O r-H Tt' ^ t- rH 
C<J_i0^rH_CD UO CO^-* lO ^^rH t~ C 12 1-^ 

r-TcTt-T cTot^t-^cT coo" c^" 

^ i-H nH (M 



^occ•OT}^■*eocoo;rH^o-^■>*oo^ 
uo o rti o o OC 1— I lO o CO 

l-O C5 1— I I— oq t~- OC O T-H r-l O 



- OS !-( »0 O C5 00 (M 



Acres Improved. 



Farms. 



5C5(MOi-<(Mcoj;coc<j-*>.ocq(M 
: OC (M oi c^i CO o rH o o OC CO CO 

- r^fi-o" ^"l-^i-Toc" i-TcT co^t-T^'eo^co" 

(Mr-I rHrHr-l(M(N rli-l O 



Cit^l^JitCCt^Oi.OCOCOt^t-lOi-'S 

CO c; ^ ID o CO T-< i,o C5 o CO w 
of of cfofoicf-*" CQcf 

a a ' ^^ '. ' ' 

•-< o ■ • • a h X --^ ■ a 

^ -5 o v> 2 & Ci— S r:; O ;= « 
^■^ X ^ a C Q b jO ^ 



11* 



126 



THE NORTH AND THE SOUTH. 



Tobacco, Pounds. 



Molasses, Gallons. 



Maple Sugar, 
Pounds. 



Flax, Pounds. 



Flaxseed, Bushels. 



Clover & other Grass 
Seeds, Bushels. 



Hops, Pounds. 



Hay, Tons. 



Butter and Cheese, 
Pounds. 



Buckwheat, Bushels. 



Barley, Bushels. 



Peas and Beans, 
Bushels. 



CO CO t^--* CO 



r-l-*iOOait-I:^OCSl-^»Oio-*0 



00 O 7— I -5t< GO lO OO t~ 02 02 CD 

CO io"o~i>^b^cd~«^-df rH^r-^lO r-Tto" 
T-ICC(M(MrHrH(MCOOi(MCOO CO 

co" i-Ti-n'r-ri-r TjT 



>b-CO . CO IfS 02 b- CD 
J^T-H .COCXJ^OOCO 
CO CO . T)H CO (M oo 



'^OS .05 
iOCO . lO 



02t^(MiCiMlC002CDt-Cqr-lt-t- 

(MlMCnCOrHOOlOrH-TtH-^lCt^OJTH 
lOr-lrtl COTHCOTjfCD 05 GO CSI(M 



illislliiiiiii 



A STATISTICAL YIEW. 127 



Produced in 
Families. 



Annual 
Product. 



Hands 
Employed. 



Capital. 



"Wine, Gallons. 



Value of Orchard 
Produce. 



Value of Produce of 
Market Gardens. 



Value of Animals 
Slaughtered. 



Beeswax and Honey, 
Pounds. 



oc o c: o c» (M CO as o • o 
^ r-IOr-KMT-) .(M 



oc J^^K CO ^ S o_cq^t^o_S_ 



IM r-l 



c; L~ Of CO cr> ^ CO o o u-r (M (N C2 o 

t-CCO (MOlOO-^COi— ICffOC^Jt- 



<M 1-1 <M(M 



CO^C~ :^ 1^ t~ 00 C2 co^cc cc^co^ 

oc t~ L-3 o C2 c; lo o t- r-^ CO a; 00 1— I 

l-'?'-^30 00 oc »C O -^^JC CO^OO lO 



'-("^loccrt-tcb-'^ooooocoo 
cri~ oc (M o-: CO C5 ^ i-o o cs 



co^c^cooccioiocqco 
02 ^ ofcT cvTcrT co' o~io~ 

CO 1—1 (M COi-lT-t(N 
I— I <M 1—1 



CO :r 7-1 X ~^^^oc T-H^oq^oo 

c^foo' co'w" -r-' o o cT iSa^tS -^t 
Lt o T-^ L~ -J oc o ^ <M i 

^C^lr-i rHr-4r-(<MCO CI i-l > 



Silk Cocoons, 
Pounds. 



"Wool, Pounds. 



•otr-c^ciouiocicoasci 

: CO L,0 i<l t- t~ l~ 1-1 



1.2 : : --B^-sU-i 



128 THE NORTH AND THE SOUTH. 



r-liCOiCrHr-l030005t-CO»OTHOOOeDC<lCiieOC5'#vOCOOOiOOO-*t-0 

cj o CO CO ,-H c<i GO lO CO ca 05 03 i-H CD csi 05 1— I oo •- 

'^'^"^'^"^^'^.'^^'^'^'^'^^'^ co^Oi Oi ~ ■ 

<N"(^^l^f^-^~^O^-^^-^I-^^-^C0 r-T C<f 



rHOOiOOr-tOOOOCOCJCqiOi— lOOOO 
Cl-*lCDa0lO-«TltCt^T-HT-<00l~ 

(^^c<^c^^^"lo~T-H'^-^r-^I-^o^~I--^ 



.-(MC^CDO^'^COIMOOi-OCQ'^t^O 

OTlMCSCOrHuONClr-lCOCOCOOOOTHOl 

r-Tc^ri-rr-T i-Ti-TlM'T-rcdr-rr-r cq' 



■COIMvOT-IOOxOIMrHODffClO OOCOCOCD COlOC 



occoo< 

^tOCOCiC 
lO l-( 00 CO t- 



CO L- (M T-l CO I 



I coeococ 



l-*,-lt-TiHcO(M(MlO^OilOT-lt~-*i-IC<JCOOCl«5t-C5<MCOt-eO 

... COl-OOOOCOrHCOOlOr-llO(3iCOOi05lMCO 

a^ad~r^"^0~C<^t■^OD^^o"-^(^^Oo6~l>^lOC<^05~'-^C^c6^ 

!M 1-1 cq CO 00 T-1 cq 1-1 CO (M r-l 1-1 r-( (Mrtr-t rH r-i r-l t-I !M oq r-1 r-l r-l 



0040C0i0tHC0OiX>O(M-# 



CO CD CO 

. _ ,iOT*t-^, 

CD^CO^OO O_l-^^00^(rq •^^COr-H^CD-^Ol 



COOqiMCO0Oi-lr-IC<lr-ICOCqiM(M 



Oi CO (M ^ CO O O iM I 

C0O'C0O00-*00O^O(Ml0- 
~ ■- ■■t^r-HOaJ<MTj<(M00- 



I (M (M CO 1-i r-l I 



OCOCDCT>CDOOOOCOUt)(MC5(Mt 



coooiOMiocoQooiOi— loooiceooio 

lOlOOOlOOOairHCOO'*r-l-*IC.lCD'*(MC2COCOCOCOt^t~CO->#Cq0200rH 

00 o (M CO CD o^TjH^io co^co CO CO (^^_^-^(^^^^o c:^•^l^^7-^^a5_^o o oq^co o cq_t-^ 

CO r4~CO'c^CO~or»0 ^00 oTo O'OOJ rH~CD CO~lO CO CO o ciTof 



oo(MeqcDooooi:~-*t-c<ioo-*oocoiCiO'#i-<coi 
crJcMC^-^io^oot^cvii-iocio'JoocacDT' — ■ ■- 

io"o~co oo^cToo^krs co^ocToTo o^cico t-^u5~T 

i-l 1— 1 1— 1 1— I i-l r-li—l I 



cq-^ooajiot^-^cqi-nccDcOt-iiooo-^cot-oooo-riHOJOoasiCiMoob-* 
coi— ioi^t~Qoo:ir^-*icq'*i-oa5t— t~i— iioiocqoooooi— t-cocD£3iOO 
(^^^l0^o^l^^^t>^oo co^co^o_i~ cq (^^^co^o^lO o^a>_io kO co^co^co^cd oi^o^o^co o 
c»'~i>^-*^cq'~^05~o5~i-ro~c^'~-* crrcD"cfcru5~r4~ii^ oo ofo^ocTod" 

1—1 I— ICOiO r-l cq T-l i-l r-l 1-ir-i r-i (M i—l 



Ji-HOOS^l^THCOCDCDCOOOOi-IOIMCOt-t- 

lOOJ-^i— ii— icocqoiOT-(t~(rqoxo-*i^ co (?q 

eqi-t i-li-icq r-liO COi-l r-l 



C5t~C>t-OOCOOO»Ot-<NCOOpOCqiHt-OC5i-JCOC30l^ 

c»coc»^oot^t~^'OcDCll^(^^oolOl~>i2ooco•<*<^^ocDl— ii— irHOoi 

COOOCslOlMOCDt- l-- C^O r^^CO_ll^CD C0^C0^C0^1>^O^0q^T-^ 

cq~co"c<rio xo^ocTcirco cD~c£rt>^cq"o^ u5~'^"io~r-rt-^cr»o~i>^o6' c6~cd" co OiOieo th 



• O rH iH C5 00 C 

^-CqOdiCJCo'^SScDtSSS CO^^S CD_00^"55^CO_0^-^lj|,u^i^ 

CD co~cD"co~(^q"o^"c6~eo~c^o6~cd'^4~cD~(^^c^(^^>o cd eo^os 



A STATISTICAL VIEW. 



129 



Neat Cattle. 



lOi-HI:~OTOtOCi-Hi-HOCnO-=t<rHCnO^OrHUOiOT-Hriil-^^l~C2iO 
fMr-ICO-*-*r-H -^i-HCOi-li— Ir-ii— IrHi— IMi—KM i— icqi— ir-HCM OT.i-H i— 1 1-( 




Acres 
UnimproTed. 



. ., _^ —ClOOCOOOCOCOt-COxOlOCOCOOO' 



Acres 
Improved. 



C<l O t~ CC CO O ^ O t~ O O C<1 'JO O W O o c-1 to cc <:d 



SSI l-H i-l (M i-i r-l 



Farms. 



rH CO LD ^ cc 00 CO 1 ^ !0 o CO oo oo o CO r~ <^^ ^ o CO ^ ^ to lO lo I 

00_CJ^U-DOO O CO »0 CO 00 lO O^t^ CO XO '^00 C0^«3 CD^C-T^CN^lO lO CO GO ->*I(M 

^ -Tr-r cf i-T r4~ r-T t-^i-^t^ i-Tt-T rH~| 



Accommoda- 
tion of Church- 
es — persons. 



oioooooi-oooeiooooooooooooooooo< 

O CO UO t~ >-0 CSJ O C O lO l-O CO O O lO (M ^ t- t- O IS en < 



AVhites oyer 20 
unable to read 
and ^ite. 



• C-^TtlCli— ICi0Cl0OC0-<jH00C<Jl0T--lC0OC1OC5Cni 



I Cq T-H t- (M I 



) r-l CO CD 



OC^lOt-<OOCOCO^OCOCO'MrH't<C5lCOCO'i<Ot-CO»OtO(Mr-ICOOCO 
IM CO O 1^ CO O i-H ^ to t~ O CMO O C^I CO Cn O r-i CO 1— I CO T-H 

c:5_co^C5_co io_o_cq t-^i--^>--i_co_L^ o cq_oo co^io^ci^o^c^^l- eq^^^co lO oc o lo co 
lo'u's cfoo CO ffq ofcq" CD lo (^^^-^ <N"T^^(^^^r^"(^^ co~io (>i c-^'co CO rH^ 



Whites 5 and 
under 20 years 
old. 



White Scholars 
during year. 



ICOOOIMrH-^CO^mOl^ 
) C^l 00 L-O I- O CO CX) 

CO CO CO CO lO-^ 



Total Educa- 
tional Income. 



OCDOO^OOCDOC<JOOOxOeqOCOOO^CqCOCOOOr-IC50CD 
XTD OJ CO Cs) <M O O O CO lO O O L~ Cq C2 CD O CO 1~ CO (X: O O r-l O CO 

ic ^"^cTcD^cD^odcxS o crro6~o~r4'co co~i-H cTio'ccT •<#~od'cq c6"otrcD'oo~co^co 

COrli-HO C<i<Mi-( i-lrH r-l iOr-lr-( 



iCOCDOOIMOOO 
TtiOOCOO'*i-H'*CO(M-- __- 
C<1 Tl^^T-l C» O lO O^I--- CO CO (M 0C^00^CD^a0^lJ^CO^-^L--;_Cq_r-J^CXD^Cq_CD^lC CO_OC^rH^ 

CD CD lo rn'oT-* ..^T L-^oo CO r-TcTr-rio CO od" Go'co CD oo'(rq"i-ri-rc5"rirco 



Pupils. 



05 CO-O OOCDCOlO^OCOOOOOOOClCOOO-*i-HOOlfflOTH^COOO 
t~(M O Cni C73 1-H lO CDCJ <32 O L— CDOO CO CDO CM COC^l t^GO O O ■ ■ — 
r-ICO^iOrH-*C0 - -- . 



CDOL--i-IC5^COlOOOt-COlOrHrHCOrHOOTt<COr 



=5 .S . 



Pupils. 



OUOOOOCOO^OOO 
CM I- CO O O CO 00 o o o 
COOOlOOCOCO'^COOO 



l-OCOO 



CD^(M^CO'^ 



^ ;2 ^ ^ . 



;g1 



1 ai o ; 



Hill 

rt r3 o 



CJ 



2 fj p ■ 



130 



THE NORTH AND THE SOUTH. 



Cane Sugar, 
- " 1. of 1000 
Pounds. 



Maple Sugar, 
Pounds. 



Flax, Pounds. 



Flaxseed, 
Bushels. 



Clover & other 
Grass Seeds, 
Bushels. 



Hops, Pounds. 



Hay, Tons. 



O M iH Ttl OO 00 lO 
lO CO -tH cq 



) O 05 kC <M 



Butter and 
Cheese, 
Pounds. 



COl—lCr- li—IOOOOTtHlOOiOCOlOOOOCD^OOTtHlOCDCOrHVOb-lMOrH 
^ ' " ■' ■■ ■ (MOOCOCOC^Il^i— IC3rt<lOa5i— llOl^ 

oo^eq^oo^oo cq o o oc^oo o oo o_rt<_i- 
- _ . . . - _ o cc r-i ^D'o"^o"I-^"c^3^^oa^(^^o"r^ ioic~t— 
cO'*c<^ooool?q'*(^^o3l^^r-l7-^r-l(^^coc5^D^^OPDOcot-u^rHcococq^-l 

CSi I— I 1—1 C3 r-( i—l tH r-( r-l C<) 1— I 



Buckwheat, 
Bushels. 

Barley, 
Bushels. 



Peas and 
Beans, 
Bushels. 



H Ttl OO CO 
^ I— I CO lO 

>^^oco 



coco^ 

rH C 
COL-l 



I CT; (M O C5 t- 
It0 05 — 



OCOiOCOCOOOvOiMCJCOt— IOOOtH-^CQuOOO 
7— ICCin)a)OC^l(M^rH^T-HCDCS>i.OCrjOOCOQO! 
C<J^C» tH_CC -^-^ O OC l^l^CD^t^^L- c^CC 0^l0^0_0 ] 



) WOCO rH C; C 



I (M !M r-l I 



Irish and 
Sweet Potatoes, 
Bushels. 



1 coo 7— I 



CO co_^ 
I CD 



00 o » 



(Mi-fT 



i ^ O 
l^iO CO 

>L-OCX)COlO-*T-IOl0050005 



_ , OC 05 Cq Cq CO rH iffl t-H O ' 
OOOlOCDCOOOJOOOOCOCOOl 



oo" co'lo o c<j CO <6'i6 iri co'io'cvT^cd oi'cdoo 
----- ------ T-H C5 o; I- ^ ^ 

t-i CO T-l 



O p3 



Indian Corn, 
Bushels. 



C0O5O5I— lt~Or-<-*l-~05rHlM->*HOlO00r-<0C00OC000r-IC0^O00C0t~ 
CO £<1 1^ C<1 lO lO CO <X) 1— I CO O O T-H 05 r-1 1— I 1-- r-l rH C5 lO C-1 I- rH 

lO CD^llO CO O O O CO CO C-^rH^rH Cq^C<l L-^O O^-* 0^05 CD LO O I-- ^ I 

^O^oTof L- CO t-C-frH^in cTcO t-^l- C^f (M" lO C-T'CD" r-TxIH^-T^^ CO CO OlO 05 i 
lO W CO OS rH I- lO CO 1^ lO <1<1 CO CO CS lO C5 CO I- lO CO rH CO CO UO uO CO C5 ■ 
OOOCO-^-rtiiCCNCO-^rHifflrHCO riOO COCOCO-*COCOOCS>^OOl~COC\ICC> 



Rye and Oats, 
Bushels. 



00>-0C0C0^C0C0i-(lCa)"^rH-^rH(Ml:^rHOrH(M'*ll.0rH00 05-*rHOT 
t~05COrHCOL-OL~lOCOrHC5L~COOOCO(MCOOOe<)C5CJCvlOOOCO-*COC 
<MCOlOC:5COTtll.~CDCiOC5000'*C5COL-lOtqC5-*iCviOOCOtOCO'<*COC 



<MC5iOC50'*i 
O rH cq 1.- • 



CO CO 00^*0 05 
(M CD crs CO <M U3 



CO lo o o 



Wheat, 
Bushels. 



Swine. 



Sheep. 



rHS<lCDlCl-0-*l-*C0!MOC0l0Cq-*rH'*l'#(MC0^ 
OCCCOCOCOCOO-^03rHCO-*IOOa5(M'*C5^00C _ _ 

rH^CO 00^-^(M oq^C5_-^CO^OO C^T^IM CD^-* CD^CD_CD_0_^05^0^U^_TiH_0_irD 05^TlJ^C<]_-^t--_| 
oTocp'cvr ii-OC'fc<rc-fcf O 0~ CD i^'gf CO C^rH^gTco^C-fcD 53~t^^rH~^l 



lar-t rH coco 



e-1 CO rH 1.^ rH ^ 



00(MCO»Ot-Cnt-C<JO(MOrHlOO^lr-COC200COOCDCOrHCgcql^^- 



lO (M CO CO (M T 



I O CD I— O 00 O oo O C5 O-l rH CD CnI O to 



> £- UO l~ 



coco 

COrH 
CD CO 



O Cj5 rH rH Ol 

--)_^i-0_C- 

rco^i-^- 



OrH00C0C01000CqOC0rHeqC5CCt>--*C0CDr-(O 
l005CO(MCOl-0 050CCOC?jCD-*rHC005(MOC<100CD 
rH_^rH lO rH CO C^<^^^rH^C£^lO 05_^^^C0 I- rH^CO 0_ro^ 
lO CO 00 t-^r^oTo CtrccTr-ri^rrH^^OcTc^ CD"-^'<*~CO~t^ 



l^CO i 
05 rH I 
COCO I 




A STATISTICAL VIEW. 



131 



Produced in 
Families. 



iTHi-'SCOOOi-OOOOOCO 

— . ^ cr. n o oo I- ^ 



Annual 
Product. 



Hands 
Employed, 



Capital. 



Wine, Gallons. 



o o >-t;' 10 

■J^l O r-' 

: — rt^t^^'i^ 

^ r-( 1-1 



JO l~ r-H C: r-H (M " t~ C~. O 00 CO IC (M 



M o o o i~ t~ c; c; CO CD c; 1.0 o o o L~ o 
oc"-*" o^'co^t-^^i-o'iio' tc"-* cTco" ciciio-rfdi 



O -Tl CO CTJ O O-l CX C5 
CC_rH^r-_^rH C;^0C_^CO^t>^ 
OC^r-Tt-^rH cTcO^t-^-*" 
iC ^ C-l CI 



O t~ O C<1 to O O 00 
I— I (01 



Value of Or- 
chard Produce, 



lO — 1 i-O 
CC »-o ^ 



OuOOO 



Vabae of Pro- 
duce of 3Iarket 
Gardens. 



: O . uO lO »0 xC CO C; O 
. Cq CO O r-l C5 <N 
I Ci . r-i L~ i-i O 



Value of 
Animals 
Slaughtered. 



oc e-i I- ci o T 
1 c; CO I - o r-i e 

! cq th :s CM o r- ■ ■ ' - ■ " ■ ' - 

Irlr-I r-t i-l rH CO t 



and Honey, 
Pounds. 



C<1 IM O »-0 Tt< O O . i.O to 
■ 00 t-co I— crj o .'-'CO 



Silk Cocoons, 
Pounds. 





coco^ 



Wool, Pounds, 



<j!:r)0-*oc505ooi-o<Mi-(o<McqwOcoi-ici^c<jt-cococnt~oouo 

-ClCOCOOOOOTTlCOOl^lDl-CCOC-. COOCO^COMO-^OOTCq-^ 
O C;^l-;_0 L~ C^I^L-^t- O ^L-; C^.^ l.O_^ -_2^rH^^_^-*^^^ CO aC__CO^0O -*^a5_lO 

Mr-lCqrl CM CO (NrHr-l i-li-l r-l 



:0 CM og CO O 



GinnedCotton. 
Bales of 400 
Pounds. 



C^1000Cqt~0-#CDlOO(M^CMlOuOrH(MCOOi-(^-*t-uOi-<02:OOOCD 
- ' - CO O O O m CM CC l-O r-l ^ O -^Ji O CO O Ci CM O O 1^ C; O C55 00 

;_^r-^iOoc^oc_^i-H^— _0_c--;^7-^_ 

j~ j^To'cm' i-^co'oo' J'Tlo'co" of 



Tobacco, 
Pounds. 



Piice, Pounds. 



OOOSMCOOOOOO^COOiMO>C00003i-0'*OC3'*Oi-li 

^ ^ . ^. 

C2 GO 1^ CO c6^ 
OCMOO 




132 



THE NORTH AND THE SOUTH. 



SOI^DIERS IN THE REVOLUTIONARY WAR. 

The number of men which the several States furnished 
in the Revolutionary war is shown in the following table, 
compiled from the Report of the Secretary of "War to the 
House of Representatives, May 10, 1790. The " conjectural 
militia" served for short periods, — from two months to eight. 
In Virginia and South Carolina, the aggregate of such militia 
is increased considerably by the addition of militia raised 
temporarily to defend the State legislatures while in 
session. 



TABLE LXII. 

Statem&it of the Number of Men furnished by the several States in the 
Revolutionary War. 



FREE .STATES. 


Number of 
Continental 
Troops. 


Number 

of 
Blilitia. 


Total 
Continental 

Troops 
and IMilitia. 


Conjec- 
tural 
Estimate 
of Militia. 




12,496 


2,093 


14,589 


3,700 




67,937 


15,155 


83,092 


9,500 




5,908 


4,284 


10,192 


1,500 




32,039 


7,792 


39,831 


3,000 




17,781 


3,312 


21,093 


8,750 




25,608 


7,357 


32,965 


2,000 




10,727 


6,055 


16,782 


2,500 




172,496 


46,048 


218,544 


30,950 



A STATISTICAL VIEW. 
TABLE LXII. — Concluded. 



133 



Number of 
Continental 
Troops . 


Number 

of 
IMilitist , 


Total 
Continental 

Troops 
and. IVlilitia* 


Conjec- 
tural 
Estimate 

01 MLUTiia. 


2,387 


376 


2,763 


1,000 


13,912 


5,464 


19,376 


4,000 


26,672 


4,163 


30,835 


21,880 


7,263 


2,716 


9,979 


12,000 


5,508 




5,508 


28,000 


2,679 




2,679 


9,930 


58,421 


12,719 


71,140 


76,810 



SLAVE STATES. 



Delaware 

Maryland 

Virginia 

North Carolina 
South Carolina 
Georgia 

Total 



TABLE LXm. 

Number of Pensioners returned by the Census o/'1840. 



FREE STATES. 



Maine 1,409 

New Hampshire 1,408 

Massachusetts 2,462 

Vermont 1,320 

Ehode Island 601 

Connecticut 1,666 

New York 4,089 

New Jersey 1,627 

Pennsylvania 1,251 

Ohio 875 

Indiana 380 

Illinois 195 

Michigan 90 

Wisconsin 9 

Iowa 2 



Total .17,384 



SLAVE STATES. 



Delaware 4 

Maryland 95 

Virginia 993 

North Carolina 609 

South Carolina 318 

Georgia 325 

Alabama 192 

Mississippi 63 

Louisiana 12 

Tennessee 895 

Kentucky 886 

Missouri 122 

Arkansas 24 

Florida 16 



Total 4,554 



12 



134 



THE NORTH AND THE SOUTH. 



ACTION AND CONDITION OF SOUTH CAROLINA IN THE 
REVOLUTION. 

Our first extract in regard to tlie course of South Carolina » 
is from a carefully prepared article by Charles C. Hazewell, 
Esq., published in the Boston Daily Chronicle^ August 12, 
1856: 

The first Southern authority that we shall quote, is that of 
an actor in the business spoken of — William Moultrie. There 
is no purer name connected with the history of our Revolution 
than that of Moultrie. He commanded the American forces 
that successfully defended the fort on Sullivan's Island, June 
28th, 1776, against a strong British squadron — perhaps, all 
things considered, the most gallant action of the war, and the 
last that was fought, so far as we know, while our country was 
still in a formal condition of colonial dependence. The fort 
was subsequently named after him. He served with brilliancy 
and usefulness subsequently to the date mentioned, and rose to 
the rank of major-general in the national service. He was 
elevated to the place of Governor of South Carolina, in days 
when men thought worthy of that post would sooner have died 
than have approved of an attempt to commit murder. In 1802, 
Governor Moultrie published, in two \(Avim^'s>, Memoirs of the 
American Revolution^ so far as it related to the States of North 
and South Carolina, and Georgia, etc. This is an interesting 
work, boldly written and faithfully compiled, and bearing on 
every page evidences of the author's abiHty, integrity, and en- 
lightened patriotism. He was, in short, worthy to stand side 
by side with Marion, Sumpter, Laurens, and the rest of those 
Carolina soldiers who served their country so well, and whose 
eminent worth has ever been admitted by all Northern men. 
When the British Gen. Prevost (Moultrie calls him Provost) 
appeared before Charleston, May 11th, 1779, Gen. Moultrie 

(150) 



A STATISTICAL VIEW. 



135 



was appointed to conunand the troops in tliat town, by Gov- 
ernor Rutledge and the council, who were ther\ and there pres- 
ent. He represents the governor to have been much fright- 
ened, overrating the enemy's force, and underrating that of the 
Americans. Governor Rutledge, says Gen. Moultrie, " repre- 
sented to me the horrors of a storm ; he told me that the State's 
engineer (Col. Senf ) had represented to him the lines to be in 
a very weak state : after some conversation, he proposed to me 
the sending out a flag, to know what terms we could obtain ; 
I told him, I thought we could stand against the enemy ; that I 
did not think they could force the lines ; and that I did not 
choose to send a flag in my name, but if he chose it, and would 
call the council together, I would send any message: they 
requested me to send the following, which was delivered by 
Mr. Kinloch : 

" General Moultrie perceiving from the motions of your army, that 
your intention is to besiege the town, would be glad to know on what 
terms you would be disposed to grant a capitulation, should he be in- 
clined to capitulate." (Moultrie's Memoirs, vol. I., p. 427.) 

To this message, Gen. Prevost made a reply, full of those 
promises which the British commanders were so ready to give, 
and equally ready to break after their enemies had been de- 
luded into placing faith in them. This letter was given to the 
governor, who called a meeting of the council, at which Moul- 
trie, Pulaski, and Laurens were present. The question of 
giving up the town was argued, the, military men all advising 
the civilians not to think of surrendering, and showing that the 
enemy could be beaten off ; but Gov. Rutledge would have it 
that the American force was much exaggerated, and was ready 
to believe in any statement that exaggerated the British strength. 
Finally, Gen. Moultrie was authorized to send an answer to 
Gen. Preyost, refusing to surrender on the latter's terms, but 
offering, if he would appoint an officer to confer on terms, to 



136 



THE NORTH AND THE SOUTH. 



send one to meet him, at sucli time and place as Gen. Prevost 
might fix on. Gen. Moultrie says : 

" When the question was carried for giving up the town upon a neutrality, 
I will not say who was for the question but this I well remember, that Mr. 
John Edwards, one of the privy council, a worthy citizen, and a very 
respectable merchant of Charleston, was so affected as to weep, and said, 
* What, are we to give up the town at last ? ' 

" The governor and council adjourned to Colonel Beekman's tent on 
the lines, at the gate. I sent for Colonel John Laurens from his house, to 
request the favor he would carry a message from the governor and coun- 
cil to General Prevost ; but when he knew the purpose, he begged to be 
excused from carrying such a message that it was much against his incli- 
nation ; that he would do anything to serve his country ; but he could not 
think of carrying such a message as that ! I then sent for Colonel 
M'Intosh, and requested he would go with Colonel Koger Smith, who 
was called on by the governor, with the message ; they both begged I 
would excuse them ; hoped, and requested I would get some other per- 
son. I, however, pressed them into a compliance ; which message was as 
follows : 

" ' I propose a neutrality during the war between Great Britain and America, 
and the question, whether the State shall belong to Gkeat Bri- 
tain, OR REMAIN ONE OF THE 'UNITED States ? he determined by 
the treaty of peace between those two powers* " (Memoirs, Vol. I., pp. 
432-33. 

John Marshall, so long Chief Justice of the United States 
Supreme Court, a Virginian by birth, and a man of the highest 
reputation, has given a brief account of what happened at 
Charleston after Prevost's arrival before it. " The town was 
summoned to surrender," he says, " and the day was spent in 
sending and receiving flags. The neutrality of South Carolina, 
during the war, leaving the question whether that State should 
finally belong to Great Britain or the United States to be settled 
in the treaty of peace, was proposed by the garrison and 
rejected by Prevost." (Marshall's Life of Washington, vol. I. 
pp. 298-9, Phil, ed., 1832.) 

Among the historians of the American Kevolution is Dr. 
Eamsay, of South Carolina, whose history was published in 



A STATISTICAL VIEW. 



137 



1789. In his account of what happened at Charleston, after 
Gen Prevost's arrival before that place, occurs the following 
passage : " Commissioners from the garrison were instructed to 
propose a neutrality during the war between Great Britain and 
America, and that the question whether the State shall belong 
to Great Britain, or remain one of the United States, be de- 
cided by the treaty of peace between these powers." The 
British commanders refused this advantageous offer, alleging 
that they had not come in a legislative capacity, and insisted 
that, as the inhabitants and others were in arms, they should 
surrender prisoners of war. (Kamsay, p. 425.) 

The last authority we shall quote is Professor Bowen.* Af- 
ter mentioning the proposal made to the British commander, he 
comments on it as follows : 

" This proposal did not come merely from the commander of a military 
garrison, in which case, of course, it would hare been only nugatory ; the 
governor of the State, clothed with discretionary powers, was in the 
place, and probably most of his council along with him. Whether such 
a proposition would have been justifiable under any circumstances is a 
question that needs not be discussed ; at any rate, it would not have 
evinced much honorable or patriotic feehng. But to make such an offer 
in the present case was conduct httle short of treason. Till within a fort- 
night, not an enemy's foot had pressed their ground ; and even now, the 
British held no strong position, had captured none of their forts, and 
occupied only the little space actually covered by the army in front of the 
town. The garrison equalled this army in strength, and might safely bid 
it difiance. No succors were at hand for the British, while the certain 
arrival of Lincoln within a week would place them between two fires, and 
make their position eminently hazardous. Yet, with these prospects be- 
fore them, the authorities of the place made a proposition, which was 
equivalent to an offer from the State to return to its allegiance to the British 
crown. The transaction deserves particular notice here, because the sur- 
render of Charleston, in the following year, a surrender brought about by 
the prevalence of the same unpatriotic feelings, was made the ground of 
some very unjust reflections on the conduct of Lincoln, their military 
commander." (Life of Benjamin Lincoln, in Spark's American Biogra- 
phy, Sec. Ser., vol. XIII., pp.' 285-6 " 



* Of Harvard University. 
12* 



138 



THE NORTH AND THE SOUTH. 



This was the action of South Carolina in 1779. In the 

early part of the next year, a British force under Sir Henry 
Clinton appeared before Charleston, and on the first day of 
April broke ground within half a mile of the American works. 
Clinton was aided by a naval force under Vice Admiral Ar- 
buthnot. The American forces in Charleston were some 2,000 
regulars, and twice as many militia and armed citizens, under 
the command of Gen. Lincoln. 

On the 10th of April, 1780, the British commanders sent to 
Gen. Lincoln a summons to surrender the city of Charleston, 
to which Lincoln promptly returned the following answer 
(which, with the other papers in this chapter relating to the 
doings of the year 1780, we take from " Almon's Remem- 
brancer," a work of 17 vols., pubhshed in London during the 
Revolutionary war. The work is extremely rare, and the 
copy which we use is that belonging to Harvard University) : 

" To Gen. Sir Henry Clinton, and Vice Admiral Aebuthnot, etc. : 

" Gentlemen, — I have received your summons of this date. Sixty 
days have passed since it was known that your intentions against this 
town were hostile, in which, time has been afforded to abandon it ; but 
duty and inclination point to the propriety of supporting it to the last ex- 
tremity. 

" I have the honour to be, etc., 

(Signed,) "B. Lincoln, 

" Commander in the South Department. 
''Charles-Town, April 10, 1780." . ^ 

On the 8th of May, a second summons was sent by Gen. 
Clinton, to wliich the following answer was returned : 

" To his Excellency, Sir Henry Clinton : 

" Sir, — The same motives of humanity which inclined you to pro- 
pose articles of capitulation to this garrison, induced me to offer those I 
had the honour of sending you on the 8th instant. [In answer to Clin- 
ton's summons of the 8th, Lincoln had proposed terms of capitulation, 
which had been rejected by the British commander. Eeference is here 
made by Gen. Lincoln to the rejected terms.] They then appeared to me . 



A STATISTICAL VIEW. 



13^ 



such as I might proffer, and you receive, with honor to both parties. 
Your exceptions to them, as they principally concerned the militia and citi- 
zens, I then conceived were such as could not be concurred with ; but a 
RECENT APPLICATION FEOM THOSE PEOPLE, whcreiu they express a wil- 
lingness to comply with them, and a wish on my part to lessen, as much as 
may be, the distresses of war to individuals, lead me now to offer you my 
acceptance of them. 

" I have the honour to be, etc., 
^ (Signed,) "B. Lincoln. 

" Chaeles-Town, May 11, 1780." 

[The terms were, the Continental troops to be held as prisoners of war, 
the militia and citizens prisoners on parole, the town and fortifications to 
be surrendered without change, etc.] 

To show the feelings of the people of South Carolina after 
the surrender of Charleston, we give the following extract of 
a letter from Sir Henry Clinton to Lord George Germaine, 
one of his majesty's principal secretaries of state, dated " Head- 
Quarters, Charlestown, South Carolina, June 4, 1730 : " 

" With the greatest pleasure I further report to your Lordship, that the 
inhabitants from every quarter repair to the detachments of the army, 
and to this garrison, to declare their allegiance to the King, and to offer 
their services in arms in support of his government. In many instances 
they have brought prisoners, their former oppressors, or leaders ; and I 
may venture to assert, that there are few men in South Carolina who are 
not either our prisoners, or in arms with us." — Almon's Rem., vol. x., 
p. 76. 

The following petition is to the same effect. It is found in 
the work before quoted, vol. x., pp. 83, 186 : 

" To their Excellencies, Sir Henry Clinton, Knight of the Bath, General 
of his Majesty's forces, and Mariot Arbuthnot, Esq., Vice Admiral 
of the Blue, his Majesty's Commissioners to restore peace and good govern- 
ment in the several colonies in rebellion in North America : 

" The humble address of divers inhabitants op Charles- 
Town : 

" The inhabitants of Charles-Town, by the articles of capitulation are 
declared prisoners on parole ; but we the underwritten, having every in- 



140 



THE NORTH AND THE SOUTH. 



ducement to return to our allegiance, and ardently hoping speedily to be 
re-admitted to the character and condition of British subjects, take this 
opportunity of tendering to your Excellencies our warmest congratula- 
tions on the restoration of this capital and Province to their political connec- 
tion ivith the Crown and Government of Great Britain ; an event which will 
add lustre to your Excellencies' characters, and, we trust, entitle you to 
the most distinguishing mark of the Eoyal favour. Although the right 
of taxing America, in Parliament, excited considerable ferments in the 
minds of the people of this Pro^vince, yet it may, with a religious adher|| 
ance to truth, be afi&rmed, that they did not entertain the most distant 
thought of dissolving the union which so happily subsisted between them 
and their parent country ; and when, in the progress of that fatal contro- 
versy, the doctrine of Independency, which originated in the more 
Northern Colonies, made its appearance among us, our nature re- 
volted at the idea, and we look back with the most painful regret on those 
convulsions that gave existence to a power of subverting a Constitution, 
for which we always had, and ever shall retain, the most profound vener- 
ation, and substituting in its stead a rank democracy, which, however care- 
fully digested in theory, on being reduced into practice, has exhibited a 
system of tyrannic domination only to be found among the uncivilized 
part of mankind, or in the history of the dark and barbarous ages of an- 
tiquity. 

" "We sincerely lament, that after the repeal of those statutes which gave 
rise to the troubles in America, the overtures made by his Majesty's Commis- 
sioners, from time to time, tccre not regarded by our late rulers. To this fatal 
inattention are to be attributed those calamities which have involved our 
country in a stcAe of misery and ruin, fi'om which, however, we trust, it will 
soon emerge, by the msdom and clemency of his Majesty's auspicious 
Government, and the influence of prudential laws, adapted to the nature 
of the evils we labour under ; and that the people will be restored to those 
privileges, in the enjo3anent whereof their former felicity consisted. 

Animated mth these hopes, we entreat your Excellencies' interposi- 
tion, in assuring his Majesty, that we shall glory in every occasion of 
manifesting that zeal and affection for his person and government, with 
which gratitude can inspire a free and joyful people. 

" Charles-Town, June 5, 1780. 
(Signed,) 

John Wragg, James Cook, Gideon Dupont, jr., 

William Glinn, Chr. Eitz-Simmons, Jer. Savage, 
John Stopton, John Davis, Andrew Eeid, 

John Eose, Benj. Baker, sen., Zeph. Kingsby, 

Wm. Greenwood, John Fisher, Alex. Oliphant, 

Jacob Vulk, Charles Atkins, Paul Hamilton, 



A STATISTICAL VIEW. 



141 



Eobert Wilson, 
Leonard Askew, 
And. McKensie, 
Rob. Lithgow, 
Wm. Wayne, 
Ja. G. Williams, 
James Ross, 
John Moncrief, 
John Wells, jun., 
AUard Bellin, 
John Wogner, 
•John Ward Taylor, 
Jock Holmes, 
James Megown, 
Wm. Davie, 
James Duming, 
John Sprisd, 
Wm. Nervcob, 
John Daniel, 
John CoUum, 
John Smith, 
Lewis Dutarque, 
James McKlown, 
Wm. Burt, 
John Watson, 
Anthony Montell, 
James Lynch, 
George Grant, 
Abraham Pearce, 
John Miot, 
Fred. Augustine, 
John Wehh; 
Robert Williams, 
Alex. Macbeth, 
John Robertson, 
John Liber, 
Hugh Rose, 
Patrick Bower, 
Thomas Tod, 
Brian Poskie, 
Thomas Eustace, 
Emanuel Marshall, 



And. Mitchell, 
Earq. McCollum, 
George Adamson, 
William Valentine, 
Christo. Williman, 
D. Pendergrass, 
Daniel Bell, 
Edw. Cure, 
Thomas Timms, 
Thomas Buckle, sen., 
Hopkins Price, 
George Denholm, 
Roger Brown, 
James Strictland, 
Wm. McKimmy, 
Michael Hubert, 
David Bruce, 
John Gray, 
Tho. Dawson, 
Tho.Winstanly, 
Cha. Ramadge, 
Wm. Bower, 
Alex. Walker, 
John Lyon, 
Robert Philip, 
Robert Johnson, 
David Taylor, 
John LatulF, 
John Gillsnoez, 
John B arson, 
Ja. Donavan, jun., 
Nicholas Boden, 
Ja. McKensie, 
Henry Walsh, 
Isaac Clarke, 
John Durst, 
William Cameron, 
John Russell, 
John Bellj 
John Hayes, 
James McKie, 
James Gillandeau, 



Ch. Bouchomeau, 
John Bury, 
Daniel Boyne, 
Peter Lambert, 
Hen. Bookless, 
Wm. Edwards, 
Tho. Buckle, jun., 
Henry Ephram, 
John Hartly, 
James Carmichael, 
Samuel Adams, 
Chr. Shutts, 
Alex. Smith, 
John McCall, 
John Abercrombie, 
Joseph Jones; 
Henry Branton, 
John Callagan, 
John Ralph, 
Samuel Bower, 
George Young, 
Jos. Milligan, 
Anthony Geaubeau, 
William Smith, 
Jas. Robertson, 
Michael Quin, 
John Gornley, 
Walter Rosewell, 
Richard Dennis, 
John W. Gibbs, 
Benj. Sinker, 
John Bartels, 
Wm. Miller, 
John Bulges, 
Thomas Hutchinson, 
Thomas Else, 
Alex. Harvey, 
John Palford, 
Tho. Phepoe, 
Samuel linight, 
Archibald Carson, 
Tho. Elliott, 



142 



THE NORTH AND THE SOUTH. 



Thomas Clary, Hugh Truir, 



Gilbert Chaliner, 
Arch. Downs, 
Alex. Johnstone, 
James Eagan, 
Ja. Bryant, 
James Courtonque, 
Joseph Wyatt, 
John Cuple, 
James McLinachus, 
Wm. Jennings, . 
Patrick McKam, 
Eobt. Beard, 
Stephen Townshend, 
Ja. Snead, 
Ch. Burnham, 



Tho. Hooper, Lewis CofFere, 

Ch. Sutter, Hugh Kirkham, 

Robert Lindsey, Wm. Farrow, 

Tho. Richardson, Wm. Arisam, 

James Each, Tho. Deighton, 



Peter Dumont, Robert Paterson, 



Tho. Saunders, John Parkinson, 
Ed. Legge, John Love, 



Henry HardrofF, Alex. Ingles, 

Aaron Locoock, William Mills, 

Arch. Brown, James Duncan, 

Wm. Russell, Ja. Blackburn, 

Thomas Coram, John Johnston, 

James Hartley, Samuel Perry, 



Andrew Thompson, Geo. R. Williams, Rob. McLitosh, 
William Layton, Matthias Hunkin, Charles H. Simonds, 



The following is a part of Benedict Arnold's Address to the 
inhabitants of America, justifying his treason. The Address 
appeared in the New-Torh Gazette of Nov. 11, 1780. We 
copy from " Almon's Remembrancer," vol. x. p. 344. The 
reader will note the similarity of language and reasoning to 
that used by the "210* principal inhabitants" of the capital of 
South Carolina : 

" To the Inhabitants of America : 

" I should forfeit, even in my own opinion, the place I have so long 
held in yours, if I could be indifferent to your approbation, and silent on 
the motives which have induced me to join the King's arms. A very few 
words, however, shall suffice on a subject so personal ; for, to the thou- 
sands who suffer under the tyranny of the usurpers in i^e reuo/iec? Provinces, 
as well as to the great multitude who have long wished for its subversion, 
this instance of my conduct can want no vindication, and as to the class of 
men who are criminally protracting the war from sinister views, at the expense 
of the public interest, I prefer their enmity to their applause. # # 

"When I quitted domestic happiness for the perils of the field, I con- 



Nich. Smith, 
Andrew Stewart, 



Edm. Petrie, 
Wm. Msbett, 
Geo. Cook, 
Peter Procue, 



G. Thompson, 
Isaac Lessence, 
Isaac Manych.'' 



John Hartley, 
Tho. Stewart, 



* In the list which we copy, 206. 



A STATISTICAL VIEW. 



143 



ceiyed the rights of m j country in danger, and that duty and honor called 
me to her defence. A redi-ess of grievances was my only object and aim> 
howeyer, 1 acquiesced in a step which I thought precipitate, the Declaration of 
Independence; to justify this vieasure, many plausible reasons were urged, 
which could no longer exist, ivhen Great Britain, with the open arms of a 
parent, offered to emhrace us as children, and grant the wishedfor redress. 

^ # # # " ^ith respect to that herd of censurers, whose enmity 
to me originates in their hatred to the principles by which I am now led to 
devote my life to the re-union of the British Empire, as the best and only 
means to dry up the streams of misery that have deluged this country, they 
may be assured, that, conscious of the rectitude of my intention, I shall 
treat their malice and calumnies with contempt and neglect. 

"B. Aeitold. 

"i^EW York, October 7, 1780." ' 

On the same Stli day of June, 1780, when the principal 
inhabita^its of South Carohna were petitioning to be " re-ad- 
mitted to the character and condition of British subjects," and 
offering their " congratulations on the restoration of their capital 
and province to their political connection with the crown and 
government of Great Britain," the following is the brief record 
of Massachusetts (" Almon's Remembrancer," vol. x. p. 193) : 

"Boston, June 5. 
" Wednesday being the anruversary for the election of Counsellors, the 
General Assembly met at the State-House, and, after the oath of allegiance 
to the State ivas administered to the gentlemen returned from the several 
towns, to serve as members of the Hon. House of Representatives, they unan- 
imously made choice of Hon. John Hancock, Esq., for Speaker, and 
Samuel Freeman, Esq., for their Clerk. The two Houses, escorted by 
the Independent Company of this to^\'n, then proceeded to the old Brick 
Meeting-House, where an excellent sermon was preached by the Rev. ]Mr. 
Howard, from Exodus xviii. 21." 

Of this House of Representatives, it may be further said, 
that it numbered one hundred and seventy-six members ; a 
number not quite so large as the two hundred and ten South 
Carolinians. In this list of Representatives, appear the names 
of Hancock, Austin, Loivell, Phillips, Parker, Sedgwick, Pres- 
cott, Pickering, etc. 



CHAPTER XIII. 



THE LAWS OF KANSAS. 

That our readers may understand exactly wL at the laws are 
wMch the free State men in Kansas are now threatened with 
death for disobeying, we present such portions of the statute 
book of that Territory as relate especially to the institution of 
slavery. The public must judge whether or not the laws de- 
serve the epithets, " outrageous," " unconstitutional," " disgrace- 
ful," lately bestowed on them by Mr. Cass, Mr. Geyer, and Mr. 
Weller. The title of the volume from which we quote, is : 
" The Statutes of the Territory of Kansas, passed at the first 
Session of the Legislative Assembly, one thousand eight hun- 
dred and fifty-five. To which are affixed, the Declaration of 
, Independence, and the Constitution of the United States, and 
the Act of Congress organizing said Territory, and other Acts 
of Congress having immediate rel^ion thereto. Printed in 
pursuance of the statute in such cases made and provided. 
Shawnee M. L. School: John T. Brady, Public Printer. 
1855."* Pp. 1058. 

Elections. — (Chapter 66, section 11, page 332.) 

Every free white male citizen of the United States, and 
every free male Indian, who is made a citizen, by treaty or oth- 

* This volume is extremely rare. There is thought to be but one copy 
in New England — the one we have used — which belongs to Dr. T. II. 
Webb, of the Emigrant Aid Company. At the treaty, recently made by 
Gov. Shannon with the free State men at Lawrence, it was one of the 
stipulations that two copies of this work should be furnished the people 
of Lawrence. We have not learned whether the governor keeps his 
promises as well as usual. /iaa\ 



A STATISTICAL VIEW. 145 

• 

erwise, and over tlie age of twenty-one years, who shall be an 
inhabitant of this Territory, and of the county or district in 
which he offers to vote, and shall have paid a Territorial tax, 
shall be a qualified elector for all elective officers ; and all In- 
dians who are inhabitants of this Territory, and who may have 
adopted the customs of the white man, and who are liable to 
pay taxes, shall be deemed citizens ; Provided^ that no soldier, 
seaman, or marine, in the regular army or na^y of the United 
States, shall be entitled to vote by being on service therein ; 
And 'provided further^ that no person who shall have been con- 
victed of any violation of any of the provisions of an act of 
Congress, entitled, An act respecting fugitives from justice, 
and persons escaping from the service of theu' masters," ap- 
proved February 12th, 1793 ; or of an act to amend and sup- 
plementary to said act, approved 18tli September, 1850; 
whether such conviction were by criminal proceeding, or by 
civil action for the recovery of any penalty prescribed by either 
of said acts, m any court of the United States, or any State or 
Territory, of any offence deemed infamous, shall be entitled to 
vote at any election, or to hold any office in this Territory ; And 
provided further^ that if any person offering to vote shall be 
challenged and required to take an oath or affirmation, to be 
administered by one of the judges of the election, that he will 
sustain the provisions of the above recited acts of Congress, 
and of the act entitled, " An act to organize the Territories of 
Nebraska and Kansas," approved May 30, 1854, and shall 
refuse to take such oath or affirmation, the vote of such person 
shall be rejected. 

Sec. 12. Every person possessing the qualification of a 
voter, as herein above prescribed, and who shall have resided 
in this Territory thirty days prior to the election at which he 
may offer himself as a candidate, shall be ehgible as a delegate 
to the house of representatives of the United States, to either 
branch of the legislative assembly, and to all other offices in 
this territory, not othenvise especially provided for ; Provided 

13 



14.6 THE NORTH AND THE SOUTH. 

however, that each member of the legislative assembly, and 
every officer elected or appointed to office under the laws of 
this territory, shall, in addition to the oath or affiLi'mation spec- 
ially provided to be taken by such officer, take an oath or 
affirmation to support the constitution of the United States, the 
provisions of an act, entitled, " An act respecting fugitives from 
justice and persons escaping from the service^of their masters," 
approved February 12, 1793 ; and of an act to amend and 
supplementary to said last mentioned act, approved September 
18th, 1850; and of an act, entitled, "An act to organize the 
Territories of Nebraska and Kansas," approved May 30, 
1854. 

Officers. — (Chapter 117, section 1, page 516.) 

All officers elected or appointed under any existing or subse- 
quently enacted laws of this Territory, shall take and subscribe 

the following oath of office : " I do solemnly swear, 

upon the holy Evangelists of Almighty God, that I will sup- 
fort the Constitution of the United States, and that I will sup- 
port and sustain the provisions of an act, entitled, ' An act to 
organize the Territories of Nebraska and Kansas,' and the 
provisions of the law of the United States, commonly known 
as the ' Fugitive Slave Law^ and faithfully and impartially, 
and to the best of my ability, demean myself in the discharge 
of my duties in the office of '• — ; so help me God." 

Jurors. — (Chapter 92, section 13, page 444.) 
No person who is conscientiously opposed to the holding of 
slaves, or who does not admit the right to hold slaves in this 
Territory, shall be a juror in any cause in which the right to 
hold any person in slavery is involved, nor in any cause in 
which any injury done to or committed by any slave is in issue, 
nor in any crimmal proceeding for the violation of any law 
enacted for the protection of slave property and for the punish- 
ment of crimes committed against the right to such property. 



A STATISTICAL VIEW. 



147 



Attorneys at Law. — (Chapter 11, section 3, page 132.) 
Every person obtaining a license (to practice law) shall 
take an oath, or affirmation, to support the Constitution of the 
United States, and to support and sustain the provisions of an 
act, entitled, " An act to organize the Territories of Nebraska 
and Kansas," and the provisions of an act, commonly known as 
the " Fugitive Slave Law," and faithfully to demean himself in 
his practice, to the best of his knowledge and ability. A cer- 
tificate of such oath shall be endorsed on tho license. 

• * Slaves. — (Chapter 151 ; page 715.) 
An Act to punish offences against slave property. 

Section 1. Be it enacted, by the Governor and Legislative 
Assembly of the Territory* of Kansas, That every person, bond 
or free, who shall be convicted of actually raising a rebellion, 
or insm-rection of slaves, free negroes or mulattoes, in tliis Ter- 
ritory, shall suffer death. 

Sec. 2. Every free person, who shall aid and assist in any 
rebellion or insurrection of slaves, free negroes, or mulattoes, 
or shall furnish arms, or do any overt act in furtherance of 
such rebellion or insurrection, shall suffer death. 

Sec. 3. If any free person shall, by speaking, writing, or 
printing, advise, persuade, or induce any slaves to rebel, con- 
spire against, or murder any citizen of this Territory, or shall 
bring into, print, write, publish, or circulate, or cause to be 
brought into, printed, written, published, or circulated, or shall 
knowingly aid or assist in the bringing into, printing, writmg, 
publishing, or circulating in this Territory, any book, paper, 
magazine, pamphlet or circular, for the purpose of exciting 
insurrection on the part of the slaves, free negroes, or mulattoes, 
against the Territory, or any part of them, such person shall 
be guilty of felony and suffer death. 

Sec. 4. If any person shall eritice, decoy, or carry away out 
of this Territory, any slaves belonging to another, with the 



us 



THE NORTH AND THE SOUTH. 



intent to deprive the owner thereof of the services of such 
slaves, or with intent to effect or procure the freedom of such 
slave, he shall be adjudged guilty of grand larceny, and, on 
conviction thereof, shall suffer death, or be imprisoned at hard 
labor for not less than ten years. 

Sec. 5. If any person aids or assists in enticing, decoying, 
or persuading, or carrying away, or sending out of this Terri- 
tory, any slave belonging to another, with intent to pl'ocure or 
effect the freedom of such slave, or with intent to deprive the 
owner thereof of the services of such slave, he shall be ad- 
judged guilty of grand larceny, and, on conviction thereof, shall 
suffer death, or be imprisoned at hard labor for not less than 
ten years. 

Sec. 6. If any person shall entice, decoy, or carry away out 
of any State or other Territory of the United States, any slave 
belonging to another, with intent to procure or effect the freedom 
of such slave, or to deprive the owner thereof of the services 
of such slave, and shall bring such slave into this Territory, he 
shall be adjudged guilty of grand larceny, in the same manner 
as if such slave had been enticed, decoyed, or carried away out 
of the Territory, and in such case the larceny may be charged 
to have been committed in any county of this Territory, into or 
through which such slave shall have been brought by such per- 
son, and, on conviction thereof, the person offending shall suffer 
death, or be imprisoned at hard labor for not less than ten years. 

Sec. 7. If any person shall entice, persuade, or induce any 
slave to escape from the service of his master or owner ia this 
Territory, or shall aid or assist any slave escaping from the 
service of his master or owner, or shall assist, harbor, or con- 
ceal any slave who may have escaped from the service of his 
master or owner, he shall be deemed guilty of felony, and pun- 
ished by imprisonment at hard labor for not less than five 
years. 

Sec. 8. If any person in this Territory shall aid or assist, 
harbor, or conceal any slave who has escaped from the service 



.A STATISTICAL VIEW. 



149 



of his master or owner in another State or Territory, such per- 
son shall be punished in like manner as if such slave had es- 
caped from the service of his master or owner in this Terri- 
tory. 

Sec. 9. If any person shall resist any officer while attempt- 
ing to arrest any slave that may have escaped from the service 
of his master or owner, or shall rescue such slaves when m 
custody of any officer or other person, or shall entice, persuade, 
aid, or assist such slave to escape from the custody of any offi- 
cer, or other person who may have such slave in custody, 
whether such slave has escaped from the service of his master 
or owner in this Territory or in any other State or Territory, 
the person so offending shall be guilty of felony, and punished 
by imprisonment at hard labor for a term not less than two 
yeai's. 

Sec. 10. If any Marshal, Sheriff, or Constable, or the Dep- 
uty of any such officer, shall, when required by any person, 
refuse to aid or assist in the arrest and captui'e of any slave 
that may have escaped from the service of his master or o^vuer, 
whether such slave shall have escaped fi'om his master or 
owner in this Territory or any other State or Territory, such 
officer shall be ffiied iu a sum of not less than one hundi-ed nor 
more than five hundred dollars. 

Sec. 11. If any person print, wi'ite, introduce into, publish, 
or circulate, or cause to be brought into, printed, written, pub- 
lished, or circulated, or shall knowingly aid or assist ui bring- 
ing into, printing, pubHshing, or circulating within this Terri- 
tory, any book, paper, pamphlet, magazine, handbill, or cii'culai", 
containing any statements, arguments, opinions, sentiment, doc- 
trine, advice, or inuendo, calculated to produce a disorderly, 
dangerous or rebellious disaffection among the slaves in this 
Teri'itory, or to induce such slaves to escape fi'om the service 
of their masters, or resist theii' authority, he shall be guilty of 
felony, and be punished by imprisonment at hard labor for a 

term not less than five years. 
13* 



150 



THE NOKTH AND -THE SOUTH. 



Sec. 12. If any free person, by speaking or writing, assert 
or maintain that person^ have not the right to hold slaves in 
this Territory, or shaU introduce into this Territory, print, pub- 
lish, write, circulate, or cause to be written, printed, published, 
or circulated in this Territory, any book, paper, magazine, 
pamphlet, or circular containing any denial of the right of such 
persons to hold slaves in this Territory, such person shall be 
deemed guilty of felony, and punished by imprisonment at 
hard labor for a term not less than two years. 

Sec. 13. No person who is conscientiously opposed to hold- 
ing slaves, or who does not admit the right to hold slaves in 
this Territory, shall sit as a juror on the trial of any prosecu- 
tion for the violation of any of the sections of this act. 

This act to take effect and be in force from and after the 
15th day of September, A. D. 1855. 

Chapter 152, page 718. 

An Act giving meaning to the word State.'* 

Sec. 1. Wherever the word " State " occurs in any act of 
the present Legislative Assembly, or any law of the Territory, 
in such construction as to indicate the locality of the operation 
of such act or laws, the same shall in every instance be taken 
and understood to mean " Territory," and shaU apply to the 
T^^rntory of Kansas. 



APPENDIX. 



I 

(151) 



[We give in this Appendix the original Tables of the Census 
Compendium, with some other Tables referred to in the text.] 



(152) 



APPENDIX. 



153 



I CO o CO i-i T 



•c^olco(^lcoo^co^^50■*0l0oo^--t^a3l>.t-.oo(;o<^loococo 

. . — ) rtl vo r-< CO CO 00 (11 



O60 ■i5C01-iO"^r--H^^TjH^(?3^ 

raTcq^r-rOr-rt'^Wrt-roo'c^f C<^l■-^COO^~■^l'-^tD~(^^t>^a^^^a^O~r^~^-^Ot^ 
•OC3>Ol~a5000lOOOC100r-H0000020000T— lOOCJiX'OOi-HT^ltD 
■CM CO C300C35i-(asiOOi005COCC>iX)CO'<*l00005COr-iO 



.C^JCO»it)t-CqCOCO(MCOTHC00505t-rH{M-^CDrH05t^COOCO 
.7-HL~00t~C-j00O7— lOli— IC5i— IClCDiOOl^OCqj— icococoas 
•020-*COl— lOOl—IOO-^l-OCOOflOL^lOCOOS^-ttlOOOCO 



0-*t£> L--COO-*t~(MCOCOC<lCO-*L-iOl 



lOCO 

ocT 
oco 



• cii~^ ccr-^crTt-rco" 

■ CO Cn CO >-HO 



.COlMfO 
,00(M 



— 'Cn^rHCOCO-^ICDOli— IC0CO-*O50O 
■ ■ -NCOCS CO 



C0<MC0-*O 



5C^OO-rHiOi-HiOCOaO-*rHOI 



coco 



:- Oi t--^i-H^CO_C0 T 

1~ Tt< O CD 
tH CD CO 



OO^r-H_i-H l-^ 

i-T^o co~ 



.COrH_c:5_ 

:cocD^ 



ill 



■Slid 



. S : : ft 

Ig-il'ill.llll 



|3 



154 



APPENDIX. 



• CO o o 



IM O rH i-< I- rH O 

O rH CO CO O lO CO 

CDi-TcOt 



L-CO^ 



CO(M 



COO 



11 



9 



APPENDIX. 



155 



Aggregate number of the White Population op the United States. — The number 
of white persons in the United States, on the 1st of June, 1850, was ascertained to be 
19,553,068, of whom 17,312,533 were native and 2,240,535 foreign born. By reference 
to the following table, the aggregate number, at every census, in the States and Terri- 
tories, will be seen : 

TABLE II. 



White Population of the United States. 



States. 


1790. 


1800. 


1810. 


1820. 1830. 

1 


1840. 


1850. 










85,451 
12,579 


190,406 
25,671 


335,185 
77,174 


426,514 
162,189 
91,635 
• 37,941 
363,099 
71,169 
47,203 
521,572 
846,034 
977,154 
19i;881 

■ 761,413 
255,491 
581,813 
417,943 
985,450 
395,071 
295.718 
592;004 
317,456 
465,509 

3,048,325 
553,028 

1,955,050 

2,258,160 
143,875 
274.563 
756,836 
154.034 
313,402 
894,800 
304,756 

6.038 
61,525 
13,087 
11,330 


















Columbia, Dist. 
Connecticut . . . 


232,581 
46,310 


10,066 
244,721 
49,852 


16,079 
255,279 
55,361 


22,614 
267,161 
55,282 


27,563 
289,603 
57.601 
18.385 
296,806 
155,061 
339,399 


30,657 
301,856 

58,561 

27,943 
407,695 
472,254 
678,698 

42,924 
590,253 
158,457 
500,438 
318,204 
729,030 
211,560 
179,074 

S)QA AO/1 

351,588 
2,378,890 
484,870 
1,502,122 
1,676,115 
105,587 
259,084 
640,627 




52,886 


101,678 
4,577 


145,414 
11.501 

23,890 


189.566 
53,788 
145,758 


Massachusetts 

New Hampshire 
New Jersey. . . . 

North CaroUna 

Ohio 

Pennsylvania . . 
Pthode Island. . 
South Carolina 


61,133 

yo,uuz 
208,649 
373,254 

141,111 

169;954 
314,142 
288,204 

424,099 
64,689 

140,178 
32,013 


179,871 
1 Kf> cm 

iou,yui 
216.326 
416;793 

io-i5,oyo 
195,125 
556,039 
337,764 

45,028 
586,094 

65,437 
196,255 

91,709 


324,237 
34,311 

OOT TOR 
iiii ( , < £)U 

235,117 
465,303 
4,618 

17,227 
213,390 
226,861 
918,699 
376,410 
228,861 
786.804 

73,314 
214,196 
215,875 


434,644 
73 383 
297'340 
260.223 
516419 
o,oyi 
42,176 
55,988 
243,236 
257.409 
1,332.744 
419,200 
576,572 
1,017,094 
79,413 
237.440 
339,927 


517.787 

89 441 
S98'263 
291 J08 
603 359 

31^346 

70.443 
114,795 
268,721 
300,266 
1,873,663 
472,843 
928,329 
1,309,900 

93,621 
257,863 
535,746 




85,144 
442,115 


153,908 
514,280 


216,963 
551,534 


234,848 
603,087 


279,771 

694,300 


291,218 
740,858 
30,749 


Territories. 








































Utah 
























t 5.318 


t 6,100 


4.304,501 
* less 12 


7,861,931 
*add G 



I ! 

Total 3,172,464 4,304,489|5,862,004|7,861,937 10,537,378 14,195,695 19,553,068 



* Added or deducted to make the aggregates, published incorrectly in those years, 
t Persons on board vessels of war iu the United States naval service. 



156 



APPENDIX. 



TABLE III. 



Free Colored Population of the United States. 



States. 


1790. 


1800. 


1810. 


1820. 


1880. 


1840. 


1850: 










571 

59 


1.572 
141 


2,089 
465 


2,265 
608 
962 
10,059 
7,693 
18,073 
932 
2,931 
5,436 
11,262 
333 
10,011 
17,462 
1,356 
74,723 
9,064 
2,583 
930 
2,618 
520 
23,810 
49,069 
27,463 
25,279 
58,626 
3,670 
8,960 
6,422 
897 
718 
54,833 
635 

39 
22 
207 
24 


















Columbia, Dist. of 


2,801 
3,899 


783 
5,330 
8,268 


2,549 
6,453 
13,136 


4,048 
7,844 
12,958 


6,152 
8,047 
15,855 
844 
2,486 
1,687 
3,629 


8,861 
8,105 

16,919 
817 
2,758 
8,598 
7,165 
172 
7,317 

25 502 
1,355 

62,078 
8,669 
707 
1,866 

X,Olt 
Ool 

22,782 
17,342 
47,854 
8,288 
8,276 
5,524 




398 


1,019 


1,801 
613 
393 


1,763 
457 
1,280 






163 


Massaciiusetts . . . 

New Hampsliire . . 

North. Carolina. . . 
Pennsylvania .... 
Soiith Carohna. . . 


114 

538 
8,043 

0,'iDo 

DCSU 
O TWO 

4,654 
4,975 

6,537 
3,469 
1,801 
861 


741 

818 
19,587 
6 452 

182 

856 

7,043 
337 
14,561 
3,304 
3.185 
309 


1,713 
7 585 
'969 
38,927 

D, toi 
120 
240 
607 
970 

( .OtO 
ii0,0£)0 

10,266 
1,899 

22,492 
3,609 
4,554 
1,817 


2.759 
10 476 
929 
39,730 
6 740 
174 
458 

atl 

786 

29 279 
14'612 
4,723 
30,202 
3,554 
6,826 
2,727 


4,917 
16 710 

l'l90 
52,988 

261 
519 

ooy 
604 

Xo,oUo 
AA. Q7f> 

19,543 
9,568 

37,930 
3,561 
7,921 
4,555 


Vermont 


255 
12,766 


557 
20,124 


750 
30,570 


903 
38,889 


881 
47,348 


780 
49,852 
185 


TERRITORrES. 








































Utah 






















233,504 
add 20 








59,466 


108,395 


186,446 


233,524 


819,599 


386,303 


434,495 



APPENDIX. 



157 



Aggregate Number. — The number of slaves in the United States in 
1850, was 3,204,313. The number in each of the States at this and eycry 
previous census will be found in the following table 



TABLE lY. 

Slave Population of ifie United States. 



States. 


1790. 


1800. 


1810. 


1820. 


1830. 


1840. 


1850. 










41.879 
li617 


117.549 
4,576 


253.532 
19,935 


342.844 
47,100 










C tiLLf ornici 








Columbia, Dist. 




3.244 
951 
6,153 


5.395 
'310 
4,177 


6,377 
97 
4,509 


6,119 
25 
3.292 
15.501 
217,531 
747 
3 


4,694 
17 
2.605 
25.717 
280,944 
331 
3 

16 

182.258 
168,452 


3,687 


Coiiij.Gcticu.fc 


2 759 
8;887 


2,290 
89 310 
381^682 




29,264 


59,404 


105,218 
168 
237 


149,654 
917 
190 








135 












11,830 


40,343 


80,561 
34 660 


126.732 

69 064 


165.213 
109 '588 
' 2 
102,994 

32 
65 659 
25 091 
' 3 
2,254 

245,601 
6 

403 
17 

315.401 
141,603 


210,981 
244,809 








ISXassjicliiiSGtts 
IMictii^ciii 


103,033 


105,635 


111,502 


107,397 


89,737 


90,368 






24 
17.088 
3^011 








IVJississippi 




3,489 


32.814 
10j222 


195,211 
58^240 

674 
4 

245,817 
3 
64 
5 

OSi 1 ,U£)0 

183,059 


87,422 
236 


Missouri 




New Hampsliire 
New Jersey. . . . 


158 
11.423 
21.324 
100,572 


8 

12,422 

20;343 
133,296 


10.851 
15,017 
168.824 


7.557 
10.088 
205,017 


North Carolina 


288,548 


Pennsylvania . . 
Rhode Island . . 
Soutli CcLrolinti 
Tennessee 


3,737 
952 
107 094 
3;417 


1,706 
381 
146 151 
13^584 


795 
108 
196,365 
44,535 


211 

48 

258,475 
80,107 






239,459 
58,161 




17 

293,427 














345,796 


392,518 


425,153 


469,757 


449,087 
' 11 


472,528 




Territories. 




























































26 
















1,538.125 
less 87 


Aggregate 


697,897 


893,041 


i j 
1,191.364 11,538,038 |2,009.043 

1 1 


2,487,455 


3,204,313 



14 



158 



APPENDIX, 



TABLE ,V. 



Increase and Decrease per cent of the Slave Population of the several 
States, at each Census. 



States and Territories. 


1800. 


1810. 


1820. 


1830. 


1840. 


1850. 











* 180.68 

* 182.99 
t4.04 

1 74.22 
1 26.99 


* 115.68 

* 335.64 
1 23.28 
1 32.00 
1 20.86 

* 65.90 

* 29.15 
1 55.68 


* 35.22 
* 136.26 
1 21.45 












1 65.53 
1 30.76 


* 66.30 
1 67.40 
1 32.11 


* 18.20 
1 68.70 
*7.94 




1 12.09 
* 52.85 
*35.85 




* 102.99 


* 77.12 


* 42.23 

* 445.83 
1 19.83 

* 57.31 

* 99.26 
t3.68 

* 92.02 

* 239.48 


* 45.35 
1 18.53 
1 98.42 

* 30.36 

* 58.67 
t4.09 

* 100.09 

* 145.46 






* 75.55 
*99.69 






* 241.02 


* 10.31 

* 53.71 
1 12.87 

* 197.31 

* 132.11 
t 66.66 
1 70.09 
1 94.66 

*.08 
1 50.00 
1 84.11 
1 70.58 
*3.68 

* 29.27 
t4.40 


* 15.75 
*45.32 

*.70 

* 58.74 

* 50.10 




*2.52 


*5.55 
* 389.76 




1 94.93 
*8.74 
t4.60 

* 32.53 






1 12.64 
1 26.18 
* 26.65 


1 30.35 
1 32.82 
* 21.43 


1 70.17 
1 99.25 
* 19.79 


1 64.98 




* 17.38 




1 54.34 
159.97 

* 36.46 
* 297.54 

* 17.84 


163.39 
171.65 

* 34.35 
* 227.84 

* 13.51 


1 73.45 
1 55.55 

* 31.62 

* 79.87 
*8.31 


* 90.99 
1 64.58 

* 22.02 

* 76.76 

* 10.49 










*17.71 

* 30.80 
*5.21 



* Increase. 



t Decrease. 



APPENDIX. 



159 



TABLE YI. 

Ilatio of the Slave and total Colored Population to the 



of 



!1 



2 

i 



PI 



ego 



^1 



i 







3 



131 



ill 
m 



3 



12 



IS 



'i 



s;3 



5^ 



rHCOq 



1:5 



SS5 



iiii 



fi 



mi 



ii 



liill 



1 



iJi 



iijil 



APPENDIX. 



Aggregate 
holders of 
slaves. 

1000 and 
over. 



500 and un- 
der 1000. 



cq CO CO (M 1— I r-l (N C4 CO lO 



300 and un- 
der 500. 



COtHOO -cooji 



200 and un- 
der 300. 



100 and un- 
der 200. 



50 and un- 
der 100. 



O O Cn) rH l-l CO C3 L~ 00 ^ 



20 and un- 
der 50. 



03«D00-^>i3-<H«tlQ0O(M^O 

^ UO 03 lO !lO - ■ ■ - ■ ■ 



10 and un- 
der 20. 



5 and un- 
der 10. 



1 and un- 
der 5. 



(Miccot^oii-icit-t-coocyji-H^ico 

l~- C^i CO r-l Ut) O l~ C<1 Ol Tfl I - OCI I-H T-H GO CO 
O CO rH t~ lO CO CO rH CO 1-^ CO CO^lOO^ 

«5 r-T t-^crT^' CO in od to oo i-h co~ 



t^r-ia3lMrH«5-*(Ml-ICOOOC»Tt<C<IOO 
COOC0 1-OC3I— lOOl^COC^ll-OCDOO-stHO 
l-OilOODOlt.— OvlOCO(NOOCOl-lU5C£)lO 



Holders of 
1 slave. 



■*COOO<71'#-*l~->OOC<I-=t<ff-10>OiC 

C' 02 -O C KTi l:5 ^ Ol C-3 O O 05 i-H CO CO 
Q<tj:6 ir-CQiS C-i 1-^00 CP t~ O ai_CO_ 

lo T-T CP C5 CO lO 1-4 CO t-^r-Ti-T 



liir 

-s^ -rj o ft pi< O ri., M ; 



APPENDIX. 



161 



B > <^ 

lJ S o 
^ O g| 

Is 

1 si I 



§ s § > 

^ o 2 o 



^ g 2 S 



o o c ei: 

o o 1? 



to 



o 2 S 
^ o 



Pi 73 



O 3 c- S 

14* 



Average Talue of j 
Farms, Implements, j 
and Machinery. 1 



Average Value of 
Farming Implements 
and Machinery. 



Average Value of 
Farms. 



|j Value of Farming 
[j Implements and 
j I Machinery. 



Cash Value of 
Farms. 



Average Number of 
Acres to each Farm. 



^ i 



Acres of Unimproved 
Land. 



Acres of Improved 



^ 2 ^ 



2''^"c 

I ^ i 2 f. 



Farms, Plantations, 
&c. 



IGOt-t^CCCO-"**!— IC3CX3 



COOCOi— IO-<*IC50i-ICOlOCOOOCOOO(Mr-l 



xo^-^o3~c^(^^c^co•^'^o•^c^a^oTi^cco^T--^ 

(MOO-^CSrHiaCSOOl-^Ol^OOt^SOOJ 
r-itCi-( 00u3O00->TiL-~T-ii— iiO(M^<M0O 



• CO (M OO la 03 c 

■*"i6~co~r-rs<rocr<;d~io^o « 



ilO t~ r-4 -<*i ^ CO < 



. I— t— 

lOOO^ 



t-'#'-<I~-r-((MOOt-C5C<100 00t>-utitOO 
cca;cooooco-*c;!:Di-coi^r-!C^-*it-oo 

O JC^lO rH Cg^01,C5 OOOCCO-*Ot-^lOt-;_ 

Oi— icoi-ir-ii^-*-*o->s<rtGOC5^cOvrqio 

t~^r4"eO i-H^O to I- r^^O CO CvTr-^r-rCvr 



■^0-*t^OOC<10<35iCeOC<10iOCDvr5tOO 

I CO to CO 1^ t~ ^ -*i 00 ai o CO T ■ 

■ - — — ^'^s^ " ■■ 

- . _ . _ _ - - S^cr _ _ _ . _ 

COOOCOl— ICOCC-*lI~C0-*!MtOC3COO5C0( 
TjH^ir- lO CO CO^O O_00 lO O l>;_rH^05_ 



-<i^00lMt-l0C0^C500O^O^-I^^OO05C5 
COOl-O-^CDOOOClOt-C-ltOCOOCO 
02t:~OOC<|-^OCOt~C<JOOOCt^-*l~-0000 



S 2 



^ H O fc„ f— ! ^ 



H o o ^ o 



162 



APPENDIX. 



Average Value of 
Farms, Implements, 
and Machinery. 



Average Value of 
Farming Implements 
and Machinery. 



Average Value of 
Farms. 



ococjvocaoicoioiMc 

t-t-t-00CMCO00l-(O5C 
r-\ T-ir-i i-l T 



I lO t— OS O r-l r 



^^^'^-^u^o^~^^~(^^eoco(^fl4~^4"(^^(^f^-^^-^ (^^ 



Value of Farming 
Implemenfe and 
M.achinery. 



^ (M <M O (M CO 00 ^ O »0 r-H O CO ^ — 



ocooo 
}a<ji 05 ^ 
■■.^ooc» 



Cash Value of 
Farms. 



I oo CO O ^^'~^^"o~^^^-^Co"^-^cd'o^T-^ 



Average Number of 
Acres to each Farm. 



TOiHiHrHrHCOiHi-ir-liLOCqO'Jr-ICOr-irH CO 



Acres of Unimproved 
Land. 



Acres of Improved 
Land. 



Farms, Plantations, 
&c. 



-■*O00C0-<*lrHi— loococnio 



l-CDr-1 CDiOOOCO <MCOOiH»Or-» 



00iC00r-lTHiCe005l~TH03CD05iO(35iOr-(t~C0 
>OC<lCOOTCDt-OJr-IOOlOt-l^OCOa>COOkOCO 

^OtTr-ri^OcfcO^r-rco'cD'cf lOCQr-^ <SlOiS<^cf'^ 
'*COiC<X>OiOiOcqiOt-L-^OCC!TH COCOr-* 



to 02 



III 



d =3 2 



o 

f 



OP 



APPENDIX. 



163 



o ti-i 
1^ o 



^ --s ^ 

^ S . 

CO o ^ 

o ^ § 



5? S 



M 3 



1^ 



o 



r a s 



2 s 



"3 a 

1 



8 

CO O 



-2 ° :5 

.ass 



d P o o «3 o 75 
^ I " i I 



d a 

o a> 



cq § 

< 1 



8 



Neat Cattle. 



Total Neat 
Cattle. 



Other Cattle. 



Working 
Oxen. 



IVIilch Cows. 



Horses and 
Mules. 



Horses, Asses, 
and Mules. 



Asses and 
Mules. 



Horses. 



(i-Hioeooooi 



; 03 OO CO 00 ^CD cTcO 
CO lO rH 00 (M 1-1 03 CO 

. (M I-: 00 too 



100C50l-Or-llOOO^CC>TH< 
r-l T-H lO i-H OO C-l CO O (M T 

o6~cvf (r^T-Tc^rco'rH^i^c^rTjrco c 
iiooasT ■ 



C000303COOi00505rHiOCO 
COCOlO 00(M0OOl-*l00CD^ 



rHC5O'*C0t-^C0CDi-H(M.<JH 

cococoococioooiooicnt-- 
cD~ -^-^ CO cTioco cD^cTr-Tc^r 

CO CO t-- cq CO 



CS\ CO<M<M (M 



COr-lTHiOai^iHO^ 



COCOuOr-IOOCOOOCOCOOrH 

ciiocoooc-i-^>Oi-((Ma3aia3 

oq t-^CO^OO O^CO^OO r<1^00^C<l^C-T^ 

t-^r-Tco^ co~-*"oocrocro^ar^ 

OOt-lM d r-i rH O l-cq coco 
l-H C-l (M CO CO 



^<^qo5 CO 05^05 



cc^v.o_cq_ 



73C<J00i-'COCiCO(M 



i-^CTit.-- 

■00COC0 00C0COO51OCO 



CO O T-i CO CO O i-i ^ 00 uo' 
C^l CO (M CM tH i-l lO CO rH CO r-l 

I— I I—I cq CO CO 



I U U O fH O M M > 



164 



APPENDIX. 



Neat Cattle. 



<X)C<JCO l-iCOCDCrqr 



03 u^cnj^c»-^_^C3^»o^i>-^TH^c<i^oa^ai^o3^c;^ 

7-iiOi^oo-*ococoo>oa5-*i(M-<*(ooi— iot-hi— icci 
j-l-^jHr-lt-OJt-COrHTtiiOOlcO (MOOr-HOCOr-f 




.coon 
,coo 



Total Neat 
Cattle. 



(M01C0-*t-OOOi-H' 



other Ca.ttle. 



Working 
Oxen. 



•Cat^iOiOt-COT— lini 



( 00 CO tH 00 05 ai I 



Blilch Cows. 



t— ic LO ai CO CO I- CO CM o:> 01 (>J c _ 

lOiC-iOOOCOCNlrHC-at^-COL^^CacOC^-^OOi— lOCOCDCOrJIOO 



ICOOCOl^J to 



lOCO CDOOl - 



>-*OOrHT-('*OOOCOOl^COt--* 0< 
OO-SOOCOCli-HCOairHCOOq^COi— iai>Oi— 1^1— ICO l-l 
r-IC3<MiOiO T-l (M i-l CO 



Horses and 
Mules. 



OOOOO'^'^t-CCllMCqCOODt^OlTHl 



Horses, Asses, 
and Mules. 



■ cocvuoocicQoasasoocoi— icociC'Jc^joocooot^-^i 



Asses and 
Mules. 



)cncocni-)cococooococDTt(-^o»o 
iioMic 00 o CD 00 ip r-i » 



Horses. 



-*r-('*CDCDO05C0»O-*C0l:~00 00r-<C0OI:^C0a5O05«D0^ 
rH(MOOi-HOCOi— ICOlOi-HOiCT^ClCDl^COCOl-OOl^COl^-^C^ 
lra^L■-^C0^Cq_lO^T:J^^C0^<^J^C5^O CD CO CO 

o^T-M'u^(^^o6~lOlo"'T)^c6~^-^~oo co'o~cD~^-^c^cD"1-^ laccc^ 



-g >4 : : 



o « 
02HS 



APPENDIX. 



1G5 



TO 


4 














Oats, 


1850. 


shels. 


o 

oo 






P 




Eye 


1850. 


m 


1840. 


•S 







i •§ 



(MOO 

oco 



l^JlOa)OcolC>.o■<i^eoc2^HOT-^'*t--*■*^^r-^coci^~oooo 

cao CM 03 O O CD in O I— I oo lO !M TiM rH O I— I 1—1 O 1^ 

(M^oooocc)coaico-<*<< ■ ' 



t- (M^^OO O 0_0 CO 
iH lO (M T-( i-l 00 00 



»OOOC2i-HOOvO<NO 



( CQ O CO O r-1 



l.OOOOOCDTjH]-<.^iOr-lt^t^rHCDtDCO< 
OrCOi-HOO-^^lrH-^i-HCOCOlOTjHiOQOl 
^ iri i.-i r-) m CD t-^ I— 4 i-H > rAi . 



'^'o~-^cD"crt--^irr-r(rt-H"cri--rc4"vo"cD~co crTco^ CO irfc^cd 

. 1 TiH ID CO O t- >0 lO t- oo r-l C-l O 

(M I— I GO lO <35. CO lO CD lO (M CO 



' CJJ ^ CLP O l-^ U;) T— 1 T— 1 t'J (JJ (.TJ OL' (• 

iro o CO csi OO o c^i o 00 00 "Ji-i CO o t- >j 

C^CO OOOOi-OlM rH^C<]^r-4_GO^iOCq_C5-CO^ii 



lOCOt^l-lirqCO!Mi-H^'*«5Tt<OOOOOCOi-llOCOi-IOOO 
O C73 C2 (M 02 1— I t~ T-H CO O ^ C^l C-1 t-- O 1~ <M 00 
CO CO rH CDI>-00 00 iO OC^J_-^Oi-H 00 

^^^Qj'^.^^oo'cD^ocrroo'-^co'^-rjr ■' 

rv*i _j ^ rr'i _i _j rv> '.-M 



(M O ^. 

'-^-"^'-'5-'^ CO _^ _ 
lo't-^co' cTco gTco 

CO C» C\I 



00i>JC0c6iHCDOc3't^i^i5rHC0-5<O 
CO CO^Ol^CQ 00 CD_ OO 



c:i CO CO (M o < 

O C2 O i-O lO CD e ^ _ , _ 

OCOOrHl-OJl^OTO-^OOOOOCOC^JrHlOl— llOCJl 



I OD CO 00 O UO (MOT 



OCl-^ICOlOCOOJlClOCOCOCn 
D -tH 00 lO (M O (M 00 

-1 rH !M r-H (M OO 



■*O(3_O0^Ci0^CqrH_ 
(M lO r^iSc^-^ c6' 

■ OCO-rhiOO 

CO^CO^OtHOO^ 
r-rCO~^~ riT 



r-HCOr 



>COCOCOOTOCO-^COCOl.Or 

T(MOt-hiOC 

(^rH^OJ^-^OO^C 
J iTM^ t>- CO I~-^(M^'*'"o~c:i"rH CO CO CO Oi 
< ^ i_0 lO Ci CO CSl t- GO CO 1~ 1— I co-o 
) <^3_i-l rH_i—l CLl'^i^ t- (M CJ^VO (M^ CI lO 
CO~ (m" i-T C-fr-TcOCO^ -^^ 



.*0500O(Mi-Ht~'*>0C>DT-H(Mt^CT2O 
■^COi^l^Oi— IC<JCOl^i-OOOOJr-IOOOi-(CO 
C2_C0^(M CO t--^lO O O lO lO OC -rjl CN O (M 00 

^cTi-^i- r-Tcq r-Tco^-^Tiro 
Cri cn T-i I— I CO O0r-(T-HCO 



CO ^ rH O f~ I— I 1 
(3i C71 CO IM CO 00 ( 
(M-<f C5l-I(35i 



I^CO^CO_ <^1<^, 

1 r-i o t--^r~r co'crj" 

I O <M CO OO CO CD i-H 



I CO (M ^ r-l r-< 



O OO CD lO O (M CO lO CO O CO O <M CO CO 'M OO CO CO CO CO 1^ »o 

^ CO CO CO 00 CO 00 CO CO O O O <M <M OO O O OO CO ^ CO CO CO 
-( CO^(M CO CO I- (M O T-l lO a> t~ CO 05 OO^lO 00^ >0 GO CO (M 00 CO t- 
- C5"(M' c6~-* (sT (rft-^r-r <M CO CO ^CD o6~CO ofr^ CO (-^ crTcTt-I (>1 T-T 
O 1^ T-H CO CO C-1 CO LO LO O (M CO CO <M CO CO oo 1— I CO O O 
-I 0-]^03 lO CO^OJ^lO^OO '^i^TH^CO^C^ir^CO CO^CO O CO lO L--; '*^(M_^C0 lO 

<M~ co^TiTcir co"r^"^^~^4(^^^4'c^coT-^~c4cv^u6l■-^o6" coco" 



I 00 

( CO liO 
( C5 O 



CO^■^03^0^TJ^^(^I^U^^G^^^■*^(M^L■-;^CO^ 

T-ri>rcro'~oo"croo"cri-r(M~io~i-^ 

Cr3^lOt~CO-*00(M01>-COCOLOOC5^0000 
— ^ 00 O0^l-^(M^^ CO^CO^rH L- C5 CO^O^TJ^^OO OO^CO lO 

(M~io (M co^cTr-H^cTi- oToo aToooo CO 



1>;^CD lO CM CO^t-^O^CO O^C 

"oo'co t-^ i-Tci' o I'-^i-To'c^i o^c 

■ ^ (MO CO CO I 



(M(M(M 



Csl r 



1-1 ^ m rH CI 



HCOOlO-*OOC 



CO o 

coco 

(MCrj 



. _ (OOC^ COOCOCOr-IOC35.-lrHCOlO 

_5 CM CO LO lO O CO 00 ^ 01 (35 O CO 1^ CO . 

;CC:0JC0l-(MC0C0iO'MC0OCqC0(Mr-IC0-*Ot-l-ClC0i-0 



<T-irf((Mt:^iOC0Tr(O00 1^C0C0L0r-lr-Hr 

CO W (35 iO 05 <M O i-( <M ' ' ' ' ' ' 

i-l T^^_-:t^^cO^I-^ oo CO 

T-Ti-Tr-T (M 



^CDlOOOO 
l-<35_COl-OCO_ 

o Oi ciTco'o'od'crr 



• CD iCO (M r-l CO I 



•COl--COl-(OOrH<35l~-*U5( 



(M CO l~ CO lO T-H O 

■^CO~(^^^H"c£^Co'~(35'~0(^'lra~CO~CO~r-^~I-^^(M"^^ l6 (0"C5 
OCO t«lOC0COi— ICOCM(35C5lO>OOOOOOOCD»Ol— I ' 



O (M 00 O CO (32 CO O 
CO O O O 
CO >0 l-O GO 



(MlOl^ (MOCOOIO 




166 



APPENDIX. 



^1 



tH CO -<*l 1~ 00 T— I o 

cTt-^oT-^o' r-TcT 

C5 O l~ r-l CO CO i-l 

cfo~co~ 



Co'cD^OOi-T 



• O rH T— I 
■ CO L--r-H 



■CDO 
•Ot-I 
•r-l(M 



C5 lO CD T-H rHCO CO 53 

cvi lo i-H CO d> i-H c5 

I- CI CD r-( -tH lO cn 1~ 



1^ CO CD CO O lO O 

CO CO CO ^ C-0 CO 



l~0005lOC5Ct)C3200 

(MCflioooiooacoco 

05(MC - 



3 CI '^t 

CO_CD_00_ -^JJDja 
OC<rcO~rjr pH~r-r 



CgcDC0CD^-<*iO-* 
Ci CI CO I — 

or ■ 




•r 02 



. 00 lO lO o 



• C2 l-O CD CO l~ >0 
— ■:-(M C5C-.1 



kOO 
CO CD^ 

ooco~ 



■ O M t~ CD CO lO 



CM (M O 



OC002C0O0010O02 
<N C5 (M l~ 00 en O CO CM 



O^OOOO 



OCOCDOOCO 



rH (M (M (M lO (M CO 03 1— I 
OCOC^OC^i-dHOdl— CO 

o oo^cnj (>iL~jiajxjx>ca^ 
CO co'ci ocTaTcTt-ri-^Tjr 
~ Csioo-^ . 



( (M ■ T-H 05 TjH T 

)C0 -GO-^HOl^CMr 

>^CD_ • ^■^<^C5^'-H^C 

"co" : cToClOO^iCD- 

H'*! .COOGJCnOC 



0020JC^OIOOOOC3 



■ a 



3 c2 3 § ^ .'3 

lllllllsl 

<| a Q ft Ph O B 



APPENDIX. 



167 



rH T— I «5 
0(MrH 



; CO t- rH 



; o lO CO i-i 1-H 00 CO i-H^t- C5 
'■ T-rc6"t^cd~ xo~io co~t-^io CO co'of 

- • — • -> lO 00 r ■ ■ 

100 (M 



•lOt-OOi—l i-HOiOOOt-ICOt-I 



'ODCO'O" 



O CD CO CO I-I »5> I 



5 00 CO CO 00 CO r-i 



xOOOtH 



O CO 00_CD OO^OO 10_0 lO ■<* O0_Ti<^O^O0^ 
0(M cqrH(M r-iOCO 



.lOOOr-l 



.See 



lOiOOOOr-ltDClCliOOO^X-OCOt^COOt-CICOiO 
• CO 00 C^l CO ai lO CO >-0 OD CO CO »0 CO OJ I— I 
■ CO Cq (M CD_C^-Ti O L- CO lO 00 O L'-^l- 1-1 CD Ol^ 

• c<f ic ■ cTo CD cq -^lo 00 ^cf ■^(^^lO cTi-T 




C0a3OC000Ot-(MOOC0T— 1050 . CD i-( 
XX5_C4 O^OO CO^O CO r-J_CD^t- C^O^r-J^CD^OO^lOCS (Dpij'i. OO^Ol^-* 

p-T p-T o'r-To'cfr-r cd'c^o'c^Tio cT c^Tr-T ^cc'si' 



Ot^OT-IOi-H-*COlOt~-*(MlC ' 

C^Csl -^lO -^^Cl ^CO >: 

cfr-Tco" CO~c^^ lO r-i Tfi CO'lO if5 lO CD' r^'co r-i CO i-t" 



o_co^cD^o^o^a5_co_o^(^^^^c^Oi^c^a5_o_l 

lO 4^T~Cr^CD"cO~lf^rH"c6~-<^ ■^^lO^CO'cD^l-O J-l r- 1 CO lO C 
OOOOCnOJCOL^OOCDOt^Or^ 



T-rcD"c6~o6~ 

O O Ol 



is 






-I^CIO - 




• rH^l-^iO^ - 


'.CO 


i'~'5!co ; 




t-^^co . 







»OC»Oi-l<M -OSCDOO 
r-IC^OOt- -CDrHlO 
O CD L- O 1-1 • I>^rH_ 



ooo§ 



UOCOCDOO 
-^^l-ICOt^^ (MCD 

>^al_(^^^co^coI-l-o^•^l^^c^5^CD^o_'-n c^^-^^ cojys^ 

_r -."^ " '"■*'i-H~CD C^i-T rH~CO" 

COOOOIMOOOuOCOCDCJiOi-IOlM 05^*4 



CO CD (M lO CD '^i lO 1— I CI 

OOl-'OCRCOOCOiOCDCOOOCKMOCiOiiOCOCDCJiOi— lO 
OIM'* Tji lO CO (M C5 CO CO CD O CD 1— I O OTCO-* 



00 ^ 
00C<1_ 
lOCO 



l-^'(^^"o'coo^^>^T4'c<^c<^r-^(^^cooocD~c^c^-^cD 

rJHiOlOCOOl^CDCOCDCDt^CiCD-^tliOOqoO 
^0O_O5_C5 C<J_CO (^^^r^^CO_^-^_CO C» 00 CD^C<l^Tl< t-^05_ 

rarit5~ «rM'tfco~t-^r-rTjro"c6"co~Tjr -^.^ 

CO r-lr-t r-IC^COrH ^ 



(COCDCOC 



(■^cocDcDc^iOiiOi-iooc:! 



, JO< _ - _ - - _ , - - - 

jC:)l^l0>-0ClC^li0C0t--OO>0Oi-(Ol0C<ll--a2'— lt--CvlrHi— IC- 

CO^t--^iO^CO_0_00_-*^TH_lOlO^CD^t-^'*^0^ 

-^<^ci'<^ciar\ar-^<S-^coa^cor^co\^crr-^<:S ocTc^'-^'oocd'io C<f Oi~ 

CDlCt— COlO-*-*-*-*!— It-lOLOrJHl-COCOt^l^CqcOlOOOrHCD 

Oi cD_co_(N^t-^t-;^co^CD -^^c^io^t-^^oo^aj^o^oo^in) c<j^c<]^o^o (rq_05^ co 
c<^oc^c6~o^H~o~c^u3~(^^cDI--^oo'l>^l>^o^a^ ccTc^cD'cqio'rH' 

— ■ - ^ (M xC tH I-i lO CO 




168 



APPENDIX. 



( t- CO -Tjl (O IM 00 1 



O CO C3 ira C5 C^l >0 r-H L~ t- CO i-H O lO >0 i-H IC ) - lO C , 

CNJ O r-H CO O 00 t~ lO t~ lO OC' I- fiM O CO r-i lO C^l r-t C.^l 00 05 CO 



O lO CC CO C5 

1 CO ;o lO CO 
t~io oco 



o o 



OTt<GO-*cqoct)C5CocicviOTa5c^iinc-icoc<ii-i<j5Cj5Cqo50T 

CD CO (M Cl t~ t- O C> CC CD O O Ci lO CO CO ^ CO C-1 CO Cl CM rH - 
O lO CO CD rH^rH^C'] CD CO O CTi^'* 03^0 lOxrluT^cSOCOCCC>]e<jCOi 
»0~CD CO CO XO QO (>1 OO i-H 00 cc"l~ CO tH C5"o CO CO CO t:JH~00 t-^ CO t-^C 
I- r-l O C» CM CO O Cr> ICI - O C CO CM O I~- ^ CO O-l t— 1 
COi-t CD-*t- Cir-< -^-^-^CO COCO T-> 'ir(^'^<Ci00r-<C<\iO- 



COt~10(MCOL.t)COlOOOa500I^COvO>0<MOlOT-ICiCOl:^i-lrHOqoOOCO 
(r~J f.NJ UO 1 ~- Oi 05 i-l CO CD CM t~ CO CO 1—1 <M CO r-H CD O rH C<1 lO I- C-l CO 

_ ..'^"^"^"."^"^'^"l^-^r-fC''- 

. . , „, . Aia>ujd>~ait^\-^x-^d(sit^c^^ 

I CD lO GO oo CD O CO 



(NOOOOt~t^iOCOiO-+iO'*it~'Tfii. 

. . — - i CD xf< O UO I 

■ — . - _ . . . . 



-O C'l <M .-I (M CO CD CO T 



^ O C2 I.- CC lO r-< Cd CO O Crt 
lO lO 1-- Ci^iO CD^lO^C^CD^ 

CO CO 00 CD CO C3 CO T-i --H CO a5 1-H r-i CO CD irf'rH iio'c'i'io ccT-^t-T 

«3 rH^l^CMOrH CO COT-~(C<10Cr3CD^02rHOT' 



^ ^> p oo O Q 

OO^CM L~ CO rH CO^-^lO lO U5 rH^lO '^'^ 

CO~-^~ '*~C0'i0~r^"oC£5rH"rH"l~^cd'C0 CDrt lOCD-^t^ 



. _ - _ JOClOOOOl.O 
I - !- CO lO lO rH C3 a> 1^ ^ l~ »0 00 
CO^OO !M_^CO CD^C'T^O^CM CO -^CD GO lO_ 
"CD~CC Ci CO lOi-T oT 



>r-l ■^DJC-lOdCS 05COC01.---*t~COOC:iTti-^0 



2, ^ 



CDOi COiO 



COl-H lO 

CO 

co<rf 



CD OO CM^iM^>0 i-H^O^CO^CO p_ 
od'oo' c6~tOr-r lo" 
CNOO OC<J 



CO(MT-(CO(MiOOt~iOrH-<*<3H-OTHOCOiOT-ICOCOO 
t-^^OiOO-^i— l-*iOC5500 0QO(MCOlOCDa3COi-IOHO 
W l.--;_>0^ iH C2^CO_lL--^CO^i-( t~ -d^^LO^C-l^p J-l-^T-t CO 

i-^cxT to c^'^'r-T oo^TaTt-^rH c-fc^r 

r^CO CO lOrH ^ 'Tl CO^ 



)-*00-^T-li-ICD(n<35lOOOlOCOCOO'S<COa5CDrHCOt^< 
I lO ^ I— I CD »0 C5 O CM C^n— C5 CD 1~ CO CO OJ CO CO t~ < 
lO CO !M L- ?-]^CO^l-l i-^OO^lO^CD^^ '~i,'~J.'~' ^J^. 

coa^co-^ o tHi-TcT CD oi'co n 

Ci -"^CMt-I lOCOCDCM 



7— lT*(COt^O<MG2COCDi-(COI~>i3iOi— ICOt^rHl^iSlt^COCiOOC 
CO O C2 1- CO CM UO O lO »0 OO O t— CO O CD CD CO ^ j—l C 
001-Tt<rHOC^OCnCOCDCOCDCOCOrHOi-ICOOCOOCD-*CDC 



VOCDOOC5T-ia5005(MOvO!>-(MOTCDIt^-*-*»0-*OI:^COO<1000lOr-l 
OO CO 1~ CO lO I— I lO CO ^ >-D OO iC3 O CO O ifJ >0 05 lO W rH C-1 CD 
CD (33 0_CM T— I 1— I lO CM O l-~ CO Ci OO^O'J^lO^O^CO Ol^L-^CD r-J^CJi^-^ C3_p^ 

C-^O0~(^^cf Cjf'cTcg'cO^rH^Co'crco'iO >0 t-^rH^TjTc^ 

CO 1— ICO (MOOOOrHtMUOlO>OOr-l!— ia2CO(M-*-^-5iHt-<Ht~ 
CD-^ i-t t~r-ICD-* rH>O-*i>-r-l-^H00 



-5 tB 



2 : 3-51 ^-a ^ So 



S So 



QS-^=:?b5rt<:3c5.a.2.2S£So^§^g 

t>r ^yr CLj fr^ rr^ [ 



APPENDIX. 



169- 



III 



Ol T-H > 
0~00l 



ooasooi-i^oi 
cDcoioiooi-H<:oo 

•*COCOCO T-H OO 

(jfofi-Tco" 



CO 05 CO 
l-fJOj-i 



t- CO (LOO 
0-1 OCO 



CO OO (M 05 
iO»0 0> COt— I 
CO^rH^O^<»^0^ 

CO CD 
C0C0(M 







o o . 

CO Chh 

Xm O 


o 


i2 pi 




Cords of 
Wood sold. 


OO 
r-( 


■ S « 




igi 


O 
lO 

OO 


all 


IH 


o >^ 

.a p 


O 


05 O 






■ ^ 


SI 


OO 


^ 9 o 


o' 




OO 




Value of 
Orchard 
Products. 


o 


Value of 
Orchard 
Products. 


8 

OO 
rH 


hi 




Value ( 
Nursei 
Produci 


i 

r-l 


Value of 
Market 
Products. 


OO 


lis 




Prodi 
of Ma: 
Garde 


o 


cn 
W 
E- 








H 





• o o 

■1.--05 



60,955 
78,606 


1,287 
159,062 
67,864 
9,943 
57,459 
134,549 


$1,934,120 
638,217 
7,000 
2,075 
192,252 
88,121 
- 75,582 
1,8.38,968 
1,155,902 


OO 


IM 05 lO CO 
05 <M CO O CM O 
OCOC^IOCDC^ 

co^co' ir-^i-Tcrrcr 

l~ -^tl CD O 

I-I -^co 


25,226 
7,079 


44 
3,897 
1,088 
- 75 
19,799 
29,173 


897,021 
192,338 


O-^OOiH-^-* 
lO O I— 1—1 ^ 

lO CO <M^03 lO^-^ 

ooWoo oT 

OS T-l CO CD 

t-oo 


$55,240 
10,680 


3,507 
296,232 
28,211 

1,035 
156,122 
126,756 


OOrHOCOOO^OtDOi 

O^O"*!!— ll—OOl^Ttl 
■^l-H^t-^00^I-H_»O^<N t-^O^ 

ic~o"t-^.^io~co'r4 cf co" 

T-H->*I-1l-lt~Tj< 05tJ( 

^ iH Ttl 


OlO 
CO'*! 


O^OOCOO 
OO r-^r-t^ 

odr-T i-Tcvf 


$31,978 
2,736 


52,895 
61,936 
4,035 
11,758 
19,346 
71,911 


tMOvCKM-^xHiHO-* 
CMiOt~(Ml--T-<CNIOCn) 
OO^rH^C^C^l^OO^t-^t^iO^-*^ 
Ti^'L-^^iO^t.^CD'c-'foo'cd't-^ 
00 T-1 L-~ CD 03 7-1 l~ (M 
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1 s 



^ c> o P Ph M 



15 



APPENDIX. 



CO 02 

-CS ITS 

&! O 

O o 



I O o 



S § 

g 



J3 " 



r-l T-iiOCOoorH 



> CO H CO 05 c<i 00 c£> o CO (^^ 1-H <» iii ^ iSSS 
co~i>rririrf lo CO oo^T^co r-TcD o ocTo l^^a^oo r-T-^ • csTco cq" 

COOOt^t-lCirHCOi-l^iO-<*l^CD'*L~0 'OlOiM 



i-( (MIMlMr-l(M 



i-ICOO IM(M 



5(Mcocqc5cocot-oiOi£5iHoo(rqi:oc<iiCioo-*0(M-* 
)aicgo305<rqco'rSHegoiooococqo5CO(32Csia50or-irHC<i 

JC^llOCOi-HrHO-^OL— CTS!-IOOOOi-H-*(NOCOOCOIOt*I 
5(M^r-HOT-<iM(rOr ^ ' ~ ' 



CO iOCqi-t(Mr-( COiMi-ICOr-HOiOO COCO -i-it- 

^ i-T I 



ll0(MC0^C0C0l0rH10rH10C0OI:^»0l~t^ .00-<* 

i-*r--ic<n^CJCoaDcc>^oc5c<jmocoico .cocqi— 

l-*Ol^OT-(OOO^COOt~C5C5l— li-iOOOl .CDO^ 



CO IS- O t~ CO 00 



cocqoo(Moc<Jo^oa5ii5Cii 



>C0C0l--*C5C0C0t-O'#00t~C<l(MCDOC 

~ j^cq^oo (^]^(^^^l0^co_(^^^lC^co_■^^>^o^ 

»o CO ci Tti bi o CO t^fSid'd'-^a^^iO'^GaiC^r^ 

COC*iOa>OOt-lOlOc35(MT-HlOlOi— lOCO i— I CO OO CO CO 
OSCOi-H r-( COCOCOr-li-ll'~iCO00O (MOCO(NOOr-( 



)-r}<Ot'»OCOCCi35COlOCOr 
) OO lO t-- O CO CD 1 - 

C0r-(-*O00r-lr-l05C0C0O00 1^T-(C0,i0C0 



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l-rHi-i xO(MCD 



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COO(Mi " 

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(Mr-IOOiOrHC3000r 



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in 



o 



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ill, 



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: : 6 : ! 












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c3 CO ■ 



ArrENDix. 171 



Si 



! I'si 



g to 



3 ^ 



S ! 



eO(M 

oc" cxT 



i~ o-i cji I— lO CO L- 

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lOOC300iO-*^(MC5 .i-HOC500COO<M(MO»0 



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o cScoci 



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^^1 



2 5 5 i2 5? o 2 '-S >^ c '5 -2 b 2 o ^- S fe^ ^ - 5 o "5 S 



172 



APPENDIX. 



li 



^1 



a 

f-i o o 



t a a 

O 



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CiOlCOCO 



00J>iJO 



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I 



tH IM (M O O 

t-^cf its" t-^t-^co" 

lO OO O lO (M 



p- 

llllill 

^ o o aj ^ 

-< <1 u o « 



APPENDIX. 173 



roTio'cq'io'^co" r4~co~c<rarco"7--r<»"o5"o3 co"T--ro~co 

)00(MCM<r>Ol:^C0rHC0-*IC0O00i— HOO«fJCOOO 

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i-T Cf i-T rfr-Ti-i r-i" ci 



U3 CO »0 
03 00 .CO-* 



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'*t-CO .ocococoo 



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OCO~COr4 ^ 
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I-l C5 T-H CC xfS l-t O 



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i-t i-ti-l t:~(M 



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l(M lOCSKNOCOOOOrHCO 



C0CO(M 



CiCOt-OOCOt>-'+*COCOCOO-*COCOrHOOrHOC>lCOCOI:^t-»nCOiCr-ICOC<I 
rHrHCOC3C001COOtiCOCOi-HCOt^CTiOCOl^t^C2COl~r-<i— ICOCDCOOOOC<I 

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o" o"crc6~t;:f <^"'*'~'^ co^aTi-^ocTio i-TcTco r-rort-r"-.^ rn'o^cT c6~ c^oiCi 

05vOi-il~-030C01-00-*ip(MOl--l^l^OaO<MOOCOCOOCOlO CO(M 
03 I— I CO CO i-H CO Tji lO O >b CO I— I CO O CJ5 I— I Tj< r-l CO i-l GO CI 



COC<J 



■-iHcocDCDCj-*oiMiracqi-ico»c(M'^ajiraooi~CJ2(M .locotra 

ClC^JOl^OCOCOrHlOOt-i-H,— KMTjHlOt^rHr-frHCO .OOOr-l 
OOCOCOOC2(M OG2C0':J<C:il-101t-C0C<IOC0»0'# . »0 l-H r-( 



(M'^OOOCOOi 



iM lO 1—10 



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l^CDmOTtfOOCTjCOOSrH 
c35^r*(CDOOlOl-<00 00-*iO 

■^eq^e^ai^t-^ co i-n^i-^^-^co^ 
t-^ocTr-rcTco' co'^'irc4" 

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t>>e3 
.id p) 

i l^lliil i ^ ^ ^-s ^ ^ ^ , ^ ^ 




174 



AFPENDIX. 



. CD - 

•C2COC . 

> Clio CM (M OO r-l 



CM 



■<*iCO0OrH0O 



12 



.(?CI<r>C0 00COC0i-IC0t:^lfflO2C0O5 
. rH 1^ G1 l~ CO CO 05 CI 02 lO lO r}< 

•COOCO lO CO O rH lO iH (M 



w o S 
'5 o eq 'cJ _ 



<0 aT 

■' <o^^ u ^ o S oSA 'a^^S d" o o u S 



C5 

CO d 
CO « m 

'11 



CD-* CO 
IOCO(M 



05C0C0 

'*~orco~ 



CD ^ 

c6~v£rT-5~"T-r 



I CO 02-*! CO 



oil— IO-^-*02t^OC0CDlTq-ct<C0aS'*IC000-r)Hl0C<l<MCT>00rH 

T-^co>oa2x^^cooc^^I-lI-lT^^^,-^L-oo^^■^^^r-^^c^^t-cQ 

^-;_C0^O^O^t-^O^C5_C<^^C<^^U0^T-^^02^00^^-^^^^^0^ 

c^^a^cD~u^c^c6~o6"co"Tt^"o~co'lo"ol6"•<d^"T-^~l>^oc^c^^ i>rco"o6~t-ro6~cd" 

COl002COOCnl^<M10 0000000COt~02CDCOCDiraCOa2CDr-< 

-(^co^r-ro oo^r-T crr-^^r-Tcr-^co" of lo o6~-^iooo CO eo" 

iH r-t IM CO i-H O iH ^ O CD CO O r-l 

»0 I— I I— I I— I T-i 



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aj H 03 



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;:ss-d-«'5-P^^^03"^"'S'§^ii'3o>>ftg 

0'3 E 03 esg: >>c3 M-rl O c3 :=i,^^2,2 



APPENDIX. 



175 



t-COr-IOOOOOOO 

COCiC^OOOOOOO 

l-'* ooooooo 



cTcT 

SB 



00 



§1-1 

O S 53 

TO o pq^ 



.;::! O 3 ^ 



2 =1 . 



TO O 



^1 

4) O 

I is 

|i1 

PI 



(M-^jHO-^COCO-^OO-^t-CDOt-COOOCOOiOOOOCSCDOi—IOOOCq 
lO^OJ^t- -^C^C^CC) r-f^O^O^i;D^00 OO^rH^OO^-^O t-^^'^^O^Oi^l-J^CO OO^CD^CT) "^l CO 

lo oo~o lo »o cT^iocfco CO co a^(^f cTco o co o co ^c^Tco co'co" 

COCOOl~l^COa5i-<COiraoOt~OC^lC£>CDOOl~-*IOrH-^l~-*r-(C<|-*CO 
g O Oi C5 lO 0|(M i-H i-l i-l r-1 



5 1^ 



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o 



176 APPENDIX. 



r 







a 






o 
















o 

-g 


1 


o 


<! 


Ph 


nual 


TO 


p 






-2 


>^ 




Emplc 


1 


1 








rial 








1 


TO 














Individuals 


and es- 


tablishin'ts. 














02 



1 kC Q CD O E- l~ 00 O 



- lO O iO -^H 00 c 



COCOC<JCOC<JCDiO»OCOrHCOeOOOiOC<IiO'*c»U5COCD05i0050000D 



OOt-CqCOOOlCXJCDCONi 

c<jocor 



( CI (35 l-~ T— 1 1~ lO r 



t- 00 CO t- t 



T-) c6~ i-T i-TofcC •"dTcft-riCoi'cC CO CD C6'arr4"cc~t-^»o r-T 

t— 1 CO Tjl I—ICO 



OOCOl-tlOOOC 



JOCDCqeOt-OOOCOcnCKMi-HiOOO-*-^ 



C50oiOHHcooS%(»oc<j6oi^cDoi>^o6<:D^iCco£ 

CO~ i-T i-T CDt^cT c4^Qo'r-rr4~T^c<rotrr-r 



O5CO-*00t*-t 

Oll^COI^COCOl^CDCOl^OO-^OOiO-^CDCOCDl^O-^OOail 
CO_00 GiJ^OJ^^J^iCCi CD CO^CD^CD ■^i^^^O^00_CD c^ai^o^CJ^r-j^tn^i^^S^ 

" ' '~ rc<fio'i-H~c4~co"c»"co~»o~-^c6't-^cri--rTjrirq~ic^ 

CqCNCa M ^ T-H 'dH i-H 



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CDCDl0-*CJ2OrHr-lt^C0C0C, 

C51^lO_7-1_r-1^CO^CO^CD Clr-iCQ OO CS) CS^OO I 
-*~00 rH"ororrjrOT)riO ^CO O 00 

icococq o ' ' ' 



1^ CD CO t~ OO CO 
iq (^l_t--:^-*^r-J^CD^-^C^C0^00^lO 

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OHO O t~ O GO O 



r-tr-liMCO cooort 



<MOO»0^Ok0i000OCD»0 
'#iOC<]a3i-(COOCqcOr-lt~CD 
' t~-<*icqiOOOi-IOO 



CD^CD^l-H^Cl^CO^Ol^O Tdl^CO^CD^OO t--;_0^-^i-H^ 

G-^i^aoDooot^Ciiar^t^^c^co c^cot-^-^ma^'oi cicico'coco 

lOC<1000C5l~-*CDCDTt(Cn>0 1— (.O iOlOCOCOt-^C»OlOT— ll^C<!lO 

•r)H_co o CO 00^03 lO ^j:oj:^j::<imj:oj>^L~-^^^ 

CO I-T co~cf »^5CDt-^r^"c-f^o^•^cocD"IH'o^ot^<^^o^l^^o^•<^l^ 

^ C?^ pHiHr-*CO p-IC^C?<N05r-t 



<i)oc3e3c3.a.SJ.Sa>aia)0 



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"iSS i2 13 "wi ^ ^ ° b 



APPENDIX, 



177 



!= 



Individuals 

and es- 
taMishm'ts. 



CO coot 

CM Ot^C 

cTr-rotTc 



(M CO -* O O 

eg CO t-^ 



(M C2 OO 
i-H O 00 t~ L-~ 



(M (M (M CO tH 
l-O >0 CO CO 

|H~c4'cO-<r)r 



lOOl^COCO 
l~ Oi t~ CT3 

(>i_c<j^coci^T-H_ 

lOcTi-n'orC-T" 
CO O O CO 

iocid"co" 



>0 35 



oooo 

Oi-l-*C<l 



i-TcTocrio^ 
(M(N go 



OOOrH 

OC^COCO 

ocq^ioco 



«J o « 



^ i . 

I ill 



178 



APrENDtX. 



TABLE XDL 

Heal and Personal Estate — -1850. 



States & TBERiroEiES. 

: 


Real Estate. 


Personal 
Estate. 


Total, 


True 
Valuation. 






(HI CO ARO "TAK 


gpZ41, dd4,4Zd 


<n?OOQ OA/I OOf& 

!frZZo,ZU4,d34 






1Q AK« T K1 


db,4i!0,b/0 


OA Q/ll AOK 

dy,o4i,0zo 






5,575,781 


01 AOO 1 ^70 

^l,yzd,17o 


OO ~1 a 0P*O 

2J,lbl,8(iS 


Columbia, District of . . 


1 A A AQ A~\0 


"1 TTA QAO 


1/2 1 QO TCK 

lb,iod,^&o 


1 G ^OO £*1 A 

lb, <Zd,biy 








T1A AQQ GTO 
liy,00i5,b</ 


TCC ^AT AOA 

15o,/U7,yoL> 




T A AQd KOK 
14,400,090 


1 A~lf\ OTK 

1,410,^/0 


1 K QCtO O^A 

15,896,8/0 


TO OKC 0£!0 

18,o55,obd 




7 QO/1 KQQ 

, 7,y^4,ooo 


T K Of7A ~lACi 

lo,-i^4,14b 


OO TAO ^70 A 

zd,iyo,7d4 


OO TAO 




T01 dQ ^QQ 

l^i, biy, (oy 


/lo,4yU,4ob 


OOK TTA OOK 
dd5,I10,ZZO 


OOC /IOC ^71 A 




fil MA. QQf^ 


QQ OC7 Q1A 


nA 7QO dAK 






J.iJ,y47,<4U 


OA AOO CKO 

oy,y^^,boy 


1 CO 07A OAA 

152,0 70,d9y 


OAO /?CA 0/?/l 

20i,b50,2b4 






a A10 OTA 

b,01o,olU 




OO TT /I Z?00 




T A1 O /I A'? 

I( / ,Ul£!,4U7 


"MA O'TA ~iA^ 


om oc? cc/i 






17b,bZd,b54 


ytrv OOO AGA 

4y,83-i,4b4 


226,456,110 


OOO AAO P7i?,4 

2dd,99o,7b4 




b4,ddb,iiy 


OO AGO A OA 

oZ,4bd,4d4 




TOO CTT 

lzJ,< <7,571 




TOA AO/:? £i~lf\ 

loy,U2b,blU 


by,odb,yob 


OAO C^iO CGd 


01A OT ^7 OG/H 

^iy,Zl7,oo4 




OylO 10A OOO 

o4y,izy,»o4 


OAT QfJ^ QQO 

/ui,y7b,oy^ 


Cei 1 A(2 QO/1 

o51,lUb,o^4: 


CTO 0/10 OQ/2 

o7a,o4:is,zab 




OK C;OA OTT 

i!o,5oU,o71 


C OA£? OCO 

5,^yb,oo4 


dO,o77,22d 


CA 170^ OCC 

59,787,255 




bo,171,4do 


T /I O OCA "700 

14d,Z5U,7^y 


OAO /100 

2Uo,4z^,lb7 


000 ACTI T OA 

2Z8,y51,ldi) 




G£i OAO OOO 


01 TAO OA(\ 

dl,?yd,^4U 


AO CAC /4^0 

yo,5y5,4bd 


T OT O/i T fTAT 

Id <,Z4/, 707 




67,839,108 


27,^2,488 


95,251,596 


103,652,835 




153,151,619 


Not returned. 


158,151,619 


153,1-51,619 




564,649,649 


150,719,379 


715,869,028 


1,080,309,216 




71,702,740 


140,368,673 


212,071,413 


226,800,472 




887,521,075 


96,851,557 


433,872,632 


504,726,120 




427,865,660 


72,410,191 


500,275,851 


729,144,998 




54,358,231 


28,400,748 


77,758,974 


80.508,794 


South Carolina 


105,737,492 


178,180,217 


288,867,709 


288;257,694 




107,981,793 


87,299,565 


195,281,358 


207,454,704 




28.149,671 


25,414,000 


53,563,671 


55,362,340 




57,320,369 


15,660,114 


72,980,488 


92,205,049 




■ 252,105,824 


180,198,429 


382,304,253 


891,646,488 




22,458,442 


4,257,088 


26,715,525 


42,056,595 


( Minnesota 


97,868 


164,725 


262,088 


262,088 


Terri- J New Mexico.. . 


2,679,486 


2,494,985 


5,174,471 


5,274,867 


tories 1 Oregon 


8,997,882 


1,066,142 


5,063,474 


5,063,474 


[Utah 


837,868 


648,217 


986,083 


986,083 




$3,899,226,347 


$2,125,440,562 


$6,024,666,909 


$7,066,562,966 



APPETOIX. 



179 



TABLE XIV. 

Annual Taxes. 



States . 


Annual Taxes. 


State. 


County. 


School. 


Road. 




$428,690 
67,947 
58,616 
292,707 
552,463 
381,911 
779,163 
77,313 


$202,960 
1,101 
23,69§ 
156,061 
449,616 
141,705 
436,993 
84,854 
190,685 


$7,519 
48,669 
105 
15,728 
96,736 

234,842 
31,106 

144,178 
62,706 


$3,000 
80,117 






1,388 
171,554 
563,887 

4,698 
250,913 
119,614 
















114,086 
1,536,662 

16,951 
373,421 

74,936 
138,533 
368,649 

93,982 


144,189 
1,689,212 


42,340 
840,066 
56,937 


660 
816,867 
29,077 
20,817 








35,055 
3,578 
229,265 
151,835 






88,930 
45,697 
75,980 


247,801 
20,309 
72,103 



















180 



APPENI>IX. 



lO CO CO 



M <1 ^ 



1^ P O ^ 



APPENDIX. 



181 



PRODUCTIONS OF AGRICtrLTUEE,-1852. 
[From Andrews' Report on Lake Commerce. This Table is referred to in the text.] 

The subjoined Table is designed tp, exhibit a general view of the Agriculture of the 
United States. The aggregate quantity and value of crops are first presented, and next 
the several items which are supposed to constitute the fixed capital of the Agricultural 
interest. It has been thought proper to assign one-fourth of the value of live stock to 
the column of annual production, as that is probably the rate of yearly increase. The 
remainder, together with the value of farms and farming implements and machinery, 
should obviously be reckoned as capital . In ascertaining the average price of crops , those 
of the New York Price Current for January, 1853, have been taken, and a deduction 
therefrom of fifteen per cent has been made, to cover expenses of transportation and 
commercial charges. Where special circumstances require a departure from this rule, 
they are noticed in the remarks appended to the Table. 

TABLE. XVI. 



Table sJiowmg the amount and value of the productions of Agriculture in the 
United States for the year 1852. 



Productions. 


Quantity. 


Price. 


Total value. 




143,000,000 
15,607,000 
652,000,000 
161,000,000 
236,843,000 
283,000,000 
1,290,000,000 
58,067,000 
10,141,000 
97,500,000 
42,085,000 
5,683,000 
9,900,000 


SI 00 pr bush 
89 " 
60 " 
44 " 
034prlb. 
06 " 
10 " 
50 " 
80 pr bush 
75 " 
80 " 
60 " 
50 " 


$143,000,000 
13,880,230 
891,200,000 
70,840,000 
8,052,662 
16,980,000 
129,000,000 
29,033,500 
8,112,800 
73,125,000 
33,668,000 
3,409.800 
4,950,000 
10,000,000 
500,000 
50,000,000 
68,918,400 
6,964,280 
190,275,000 
4,871,900 
11,033,750 
719,270 
5,304,000 
925,200 
1,983,750 
10,893,000 
3,442,500 
3,750,000 
133,000,000 
20,000,000 
2,000,000 
25,000,0p0 

110,000,000 
167,750,000 

$1,752,583,042 


Value of Produce of Market Gardens. . . 


1,000,000 


50 per gall. 




344,592,000 
116,088,000 
15,222,000 
974,380 
8,487,500 
4,231,000 
39,000 
15,420,000 
39,675,000 
272,339,000 
13,970,000 
16,500,000 


20 per lb. 

06 " 
12 50 per ton. 
5 00 pr bush 
1 30 " 

17 per lb. 
136 00 per ton. 

06 per lb. 

05 " 

04 " 

25 per gall. 

20 per lb. 


Clover and other Grass Seeds, bushels. . 










t 










Residuum of crops not consumed by 












Total annual productions of Agriculture 











16 



182 



APPENDIX. 



VOTE FOR PRESIDENT, 1856. 

The following is the vote for President at the late Presidential Election, as given in 
the New York Tribune of December 19, 1856, which says the votes of the several States 
are nearly all official. The vote of California is taken from a later number of the 
Tribune. The scattering votes, and votes not returned in season to be ofiScially 
counted, are not included. The estimate of the Tribune for South Carolina is a large 
one. 

TABLE XVII. 



Free States. 


Buchanan. 


Fremont. 


FiUmore. 




38,085 


65,514 


3,233 




32,567 


38,158 


414 




10,577 


39,561 


511 




39,240 


108,190 


19,626 




6,680 


11,467 


1,675 




34,995 


42,715 


2,615 




195,878 


274,705 


124,604 




46,943 


28,351 


24,115 




230,154 


147,350 


82,178 




170,874 


187,497 


28,125 




52,139 


71,062 


1,567 




118,672 


94,816 


28,386 




104,279 


96,280 


37,451 




52,867 


66,092 


579 




36,241 


44,127 


9,444 




51,925 


20,339 


35,113 


Total 


1,221,846 


1,836,914 


394,629 



Thus, the popular vote in the Free States was : 

Fremont 1,336,914: 

Buchanan 1,221,836 

Filhnore 394,629 



Total vote in Free States. 



2,953,379 



APPENDIX. 



183 



TABLE XVII. - Continued. 



Slave States. 



Buchanan. 



Fillmore. 



Delaware 

Maryland 

Virginia 

North. Carolina. . 
South Carohna "* 

Georgia 

Florida 

Alabama 

Mississippi 

Louisiana 

Texas 

Arkansas 

Tennessee 

Kentucky 

Missouri . . ; 

Total 



8,003 
39,115 
89,975 
48,246 
30,000 
56,617 

6,368 
46,817 
35,665 
22,169 
28,757 
21,908 
73,638 
72,917 
58,164 



6,175 
47,462 
60,039 
36,886 
20,000 
42,372 

4,843 
28,557 
24,490 
20,709 
15,244 
10,816 
66,178 
65,822 
48,524 



638,359 



498,117 



* Estimated. 



Thus, the popular vote of the Slave States was : 

Buchanan 638,359 

FiUmore 498,117 

Fremont 1,247 

Total vote in Slave States 1,137,723 



EECAPITULATION. 



Names. 


Free States. 


Slave States. 


Total. 


Electors. 




1,536,914 
1,221,846 
394,629 


1,247 

638,359 


1,338,161 
1,860,205 
892,746 


114 
174 
8 






498,117 


Total 


2,953,389 


1,137,723 


4,091,112 


296 









184 



APPEJ^DIX. 



TABLE XVin. 

Statistics of Iowa in 1856. 

' The following extract from the Message of Gov. Grimes, to the Legislature of Iowa, 
gives the Statistics of that State according to a Census taken in June, 1856. The Gov- 
ernor's Message is dated Dec. 2, 1856: 

An enumeration of the inhabitants of the State, and of her productive resources, 
was taken in June last, as required by the Constitution. It is somewhat defective — 
two counties and several townships in other counties not having been returned at all, 
whUe in almost aU the counties there are very great omissions. Many townships and 
some counties are returned without any statistics, save those in relation to population. 

The Census Returns show that the State has increased in population from June, 1854, 
to June, 1856, from 826,014 to 503,625. 

The following statement wiU show the increase of population since the settlement of 
what is now the State : 

1847 116,204 

1849 130,945 

1850 192,204 

1854. .\ 326,014 



1836 10,531 

1838 22,859 

1840 43,116 

1844 71,650 

1846 78,988 



1856 503,625 

The population of the State is probably at this time not far from 600,000. The vote 
polled on the 4th day of November last reached 92,644, and indicates the truth of this 
supposition. 

The following Table shows the annual increase of the value of assessable property in 
the State, during the past six years : 



1851 the assessable value was. . 828,464,550 

1852 " " " " 38,427,876 

1853 " " " " 49,540,304 



1854 the assessable value was. . $72,327,204 
1865 " " " " 106:895,390 

1856 " " " " 164,194,413 



As the Census Returns may not be published before your limited session wiU expire, 
I present a summary of some of the most important facts disclosed by it : 

Kp. of Dwellings in the State in June last 83,455 

" Families in the State " " 89,161 

" White male persons " " 267,929 

" White female persons " " 235,425 

" Colored persons " " 271 

" Married persons " " 169,312 

" Widowed persons " " 10,997 

" Native voters " " 86,781 

" Naturalized voters " " 14,456 

" Aliens " " 15,104 

" Militia " " 92,262 

" Deaf and dumb " " 371 

" Blind " " 102 

" Insane " " 120 

" Idiotic " " 257 

" Owners of land " " 66,716 

" Paupers " " 132 

" Acres of improved land " " 2,842,958 

" Acres of unimpr'd land " " 6,433,871 

" Acres of meadow land " " 140,242 

' ' Tons of Hay produced in 1855 223,233 

" Bushels Grass Seed harvested in 1855 20,789 

" Acres Spring Wheat in 1855 845,518 

" Bushels harvested in 1855 4,972,639 

' ' Acres of Winter Wheat in 1855 41,034 

' ' Bushels harvested in 1855 495,703 

" Acres of Oats in 1855 190,158 



APPENDIX. 



185 



No. of Bushels harvested in 1855 6,054,341 

" Acres of Corn in 1855 732,803 

" Bushels harvested in 1855 80,985,127 

" Acres of Potatoes in 1855 180,041 

•" Bushels harvested in 1855 2.013,408 

" Hogs sold in 1855 '402,676 

Value of Hogs sold in 1855 $^3,119,878 

No. of Catt;e sold in 1855 125,000 

Value of Cattle sold in 1855 $52,904,563 

No. of pounds of Butter made in 1855 6,075,739 

" " Cheese " " , 729,852 

" " Wool produced in 1855 515,808 

Value of Domestic Manufactures in 1855 $438,322 

" General Manufactures in 1855 $4,684,461 

" Lead produced in 1855 $213,000 



Note. — In Table X., page 31, there is an error in the column of value of Farm Im- 
plements and Machinery, in regard to the States of Kentucky and Louisiana; and, con- 
sequently, in the footing of that column. The reader can readily correct the error by 
referring to the original Table in the Appendix. 



INDEX. 



AGRICULTUllB. 

PAGS 

Number of fariris and plantlitions, acres of improved and unim- 
proved lands, cash value of farms, value per acre, and value of 
farming implements and machinery, in the Eree and Slave 
States, with the whofe area of each 30, 31 

Value per acre of land in the border Free States 32 

Value per acre of land in the border Slave States, also value per 

acre of land of the remaining Slave States 33 

Value of the agricultural productions of the Free and of the 

Slave States for the year 1840 34 

Amount of live stock (and its value in 1850) and agricultural 
productions of the Free and Slave States, with the value of the 
same (for 1850), according to De Bow and Andrews, for the 
years 1840 and 1850 ; and also the average crops, per acre, of 
certain products, according to De Bow 36, 37 

Grand aggregate of the agricultural products of the U. States 
for the year ending June, 1850 38 

A list of the prices of leading products of the several Free and 

Slave States, according to De Bow and Andrews 38 

Number of acres in farms, whole value of agricultural produc- 
tions, and value per acre, in the Slave and Free States for 
1850 40 

Number engaged in agriculture, value of agricultural produc- 
tions, and value of the same pqr head in the Slave and Free 
States for 1850 40 

Agriculture of the North and South compared 41 

Population, white and slave, number of acres of land, value of 
farms, value of farms per acre, number of students and schol- 
ars in public and private schools, and the number of whites 
over 20 years of age who cannot read and write, in the counties 
on the dividing line between the Free and Slave States, from 
the Atlantic to the Mississippi, with the like statistics of the 
remaining counties of the respective States 42 

Per cent of slaves of the border counties of the States, Dela- 
ware, Maryland, Virginia, and Kentucky, also the per cent of 
slaves of the remaining counties of the same States 43 

Influence of Slave States on neighboring Free States, and of Free ^ 
States on neighboring Slave States ; 43-^5 



(187) 



188 



INDEX. 



PAGE 

Population, crops, and other statistics of Plymouth and Norfolk 
counties in Massachusetts, and James City and Westmoreland ■ 

counties in Virginia, for the year 1850 50 

Value of land in Northern and Southern counties 51 

Southern agriculture described 53-58 

Alabama, description of, byN. B. Powell, 56 ; and by Hon. C. C. 

Clay, Jr 57 

Andiftws' Eeport on trade and commerce referred to 35 

Agricultural products, prices of 38 

Arnold, Benedict, address of 142 

Bible cause, contributions for in Pree and Slave States 120 

Canals in Slave and Free States 87 

Census Tables, (see Appendix)' 153 

Charleston, S. C, surrender of, petition of citizens of. 139 

Churches, value of in Slave and Pree States 119 

Clay's (C. C, Jr.) description of Alabama 57 

Clay, PI., on slave territory, 9 ; on slave trade 19 

Clinton, Sir Henry, letter of 139 

Colleges in Slave and Free States 89, 90 

Commerce. 

Value of products entering into, number of persons engaged in, 
tonnage, railroads and canals employed in domestic and for- 
eign 69-74 

Lake and river commerce, coasting trade, canal and railway 

commerce 72 

Value of the exports and imports of the several Pree and Slave 
States for the years ending June 30, 1850, and June 30, 1855, 
with the tonnage owned in said States at those dates, and the 
tonnage built therein during said years, with its value 75, 76 

Letter of IVIr. London of Kichmond, Va., on Southern com- 
merce 79 

Debt of Slave and Pree States 88 

De Bow's remarks on wheat, hemjD, and flax, 35 ; prices of agri- 
cultural products 38 

Dew, Prof., on slave trade and slave-breeding 20 

Education. 

Colleges in Slave and Pree States, 89, 90 ; professional schools, 
91, 92 ; academies, private and public schools, 92-99 ; Libra- 
ries, 99-102; illiterate 103, 104 

Electoral votes in certain new Slave and Pree States, 9 ; in Slave 

and Pree States 24-28 



INDEX. 



189 



PAGE 

ESTATE, HEAL AND PERSONAL. 



Value of the real and personal estate of the several Free States, 
and the tnie value of the same in 1850, with the value of the 
real and personal estate of said States in 1856 81 

Value of the real and personal estate in 1850, the true value 
of the same, the value of the slaves, the true value of the 
real and personal estate, deducting the value of the slaves, with 
the value of the real and personal estate (including slaves) for 
1856, of the several Slave States 82 

Various State valuations from 1851 to 1856 83 

Remarks on comparative value of property in Free and Slave 

States 83-86 

Number of miles of canals and railroads in operation in 1854 
(with the cost of construction), and the miles of completed 
railroad, and the amount of bank capital near Jan., 1855, in 
the several Free and Slave States 87 

Debt, productive property, and annual egipcnditure of the several 
Free and Slave States, compiled from State returns, near Jan. 
1, 1855 88 

Florida, purchase and cost of, and cost of Florida war 8 

Gholson of Va., on slave trade and slave breeding 21 

Graham of N. C., on slave trade 21 

Guano for Virginia 56 

Illiterate in Slave and Free States 103, 104 

Kansas, laws of ., 144 

Libraries in Slave and Free States .99-102 

Louisiana, purchase and cost of .8 

Mantjeactuees. 

Population and value of manufactures in the Free and Slave 

States for the years 1820 and 1840 59, 60 

Number of individuals and establishments engaged in manufac- 
tures, amount of capital invested in such establishments, the 
value of raw material used, number of hands employed, 
annual wages paid, the annual product and the annual profit 
of such manufactures, in the several Free and Slave States, 
according to the Census returns of 1850 61, 02 

Statement of the number of free inhabitants born within and 
without certain'counties of the Slave States, in which there is 
a large or predominating exotic population, with the amount 
of capital invested in manufactures, number of hands cm- 
ployed, and the annual product thereof in 1850 63 

Virginia manufactures described by Henry A. Wise 65 

Counties in the Free and Slave States which had, in 1850, the 
greatest relative amount of manufactures 66 

Slaves considered as domestic manufactures 66-69 



190 



INDEX. 



PAGE 

Value of the manufactures of cotton, wool, pig iron, iron cast- 
ings, wrought iron, and of the products of the fisheries and 
salt manufactories in the several Free and Slave States, for the 
year ending June, 1850, with the average wages per month of 



the hands employed 67, 68 

Value of the domestic manufactures of the several Free and 
Slave States, for the year 1850 ; with the average annual in- 
crease and value at $400 per head, of slaves, for the ten years 

ending June, 1850 69 

Massachusetts, population, etc., of, if a Slave State 51, 52 

Full statistics of— action of in 1780 123-127, 143 

Mexican "War, cost of 8 

Missionary contributions in Slave and Free States 120 

Missouri Compromise line, territory north and south of 9 

New England compared with South Carolina and Virginia, 45- 

51 ; description of in 1649 53 

New Mexico, cost of 8 

Newspapers in Slave and Free States 105-114 

Newton of Va., his remark on guano for Virginia lands 56 

North Carolina, description of agriculture in 56 

Olmstead's description of Virginia, 54 ; South Carolina 57 

Pensioners in 1840 133 



Popular Eepeesentation. 

White population, free colored, and total free population, and the 
popular vote cast in 1852, in both the Slave and Free States, 
together with the number of representatives in congress, and 
the electoral votes, both as they now are, and as they would 
be, were freemen only represented 24, 25 



Population. / 

Statement of the area and aggregate population in 1790, 1820, 
1850, and 1856, with the number of inhabitants to a square 
mile, in 1850, of the several Slave and Free States 11, 12 

White population of the two sections at each decennial census 
from 1790 to 1850 < , 14 

White population of the Slave and Free States in 1790, 1820, ^ 

and 1850 15, 16 

Free colored population of the United States in the years 1790, 

1820, and 1850 .% 18 

Slaves in the present slaveholding States, at each decennial cen- 
sus from 1790 to 1850 18 

Portsmouth, Va., Eelief Association, contributions for, by Slave 

and Free States 129 

Post-Ofiice Department in Slave and Free States 115-118 

President elected by certain States 27, 28 

Presidential vote in 1852, 24, 25; in 1856, (see Appendix) 182 



INDEX. 



191 



PAGE 

Press, statistics of the 105-114 

Eailroads in Eree and Slave States 87 

Itepresentatires in Congress from, five added Slave States and 

one Eree State, 9 ; fr'om Nortli and South 24-28 

Schools, professional, 91, 92; private and public 92-99 

Slaveholders, number of 16 

Slave trade, domestic 19-23 

Slaves, number of, etc., 18-23 ; high price of, 22; increase, 23; 
representation of in Congress, 25, 26 ; classed as domestic 

manufactures, 66-69 ; value of 82 

Slave States, value of those bordering on Free States, also of 
the remaining Slave States, 33 ; comparison vrith Free States 
in agriculture, 41 ; comparison of border counties with those 

of the Eree States 42, 43 

Soldiers in the Eevolution, of Eree and Slave States 132, 133 

South Carolina, true value of land in, 29 ; statistics of, and of 
Massachusetts, 123-127, 128-131 ; action of, in 1779 and 1780. .134-143 

Statistics of Ehode Island, Connecticut, and South Carolma 46 

Statistics of JMassachusetts and Vnginia 49 

Statistical tables from Cens. Comp., Andrews' Eep., etc., 153 

Territory of Slave and Eree States 7 

Texas annexed 8 

Tonnage of Slave and Eree States in 1850, 71-73 ; in 1855, 77 ; 

of Massachusetts and South CaroHna 78 

Tract cause, amount contributed for in Slave and Eree States 120 

Virginia, condition of, if free, 51, 52; description of in 1649, 

1612, 1585, 1787, and at the present tune 53-58 

"Washington, George, description of Virginia lands 53 

Whitnej, Eli, treatment of by the South 47 

Wise, Henry A., description of Virginia agriculture, 55 ; manu- 
factures and commerce . 65 



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